Strong Leadership in Business Organizations

Introduction A plethora of studies has pointed out that strong leadership is extremely important for business organizations. Business leadership is a term commonly used to refer to the activity of leading a group of individuals, usually considered as an organization. In its essence, business leadership involves a number of things (Peters Robert 1982, p. 55). First of all, it involves the establishment of a precisely clear vision.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Strong Leadership in Business Organizations specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Once this vision has been established, it is then shared with other people in an effort to make them follow it. Information, knowledge, in addition to methods, necessary to realize the established vision is then provided. The other thing involved is balancing and coordinating the interests of all stakeholders perceived to be conflicting. In case of a crisis, a leader takes the fo refront due to his ability not only to think but act as well in a creative manner during difficult moments (Peters Robert 1982 p. 58). Leadership differs from management since it flows from the core of personality. Unlike management, leadership can not be taught. However, leadership can be learned. In addition, through mentoring as well as coaching, it can be enhanced. It is indicated in the findings of the research conducted by Cangemie et al (2004, p. 30) that strong and effective leadership demands a captain of a ship and not just an individual who is standing by the helm. Cockerell (2009, p. 61) further asserts that leadership is not passive but active. Thesis Statement The forthcoming discussion is intended to provide clear and precise evidence why strong leadership in business organizations is one of the most significant elements. In order to adequately and authentically derive the proof, research will be based on relevant literature and studies conducted on the same. Discuss ion Human nature is built on several contradictions. Basically, each and every person is self centered and tends to think about themselves as winners. However, the truth is that human talents are distributed in a normal manner (Robbins 2007, p. 55). This implies that there is no human being superior as everyone tends to think he is. Another contradiction is that, like processors of information, individuals are not only simultaneously flawed but delightful as well. On the one hand, human beings can hold little explicitly in their minds.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This means that an enormous pressure of maintaining things remarkably simple in their organizations on managers exist. On the other hand, the unconscious mind of humans is extremely powerful (Cockerell 2009, p. 65). Another contradiction is that all human beings exist within their environments. They have a high degree of sensitivity in addition to being responsive to external rewards as well as punishments. Indeed, drive comes from within a human being. A further conflict is that human beings act in a way as if expressed beliefs are essential; yet, it is considered that actions speak louder. It turns out that there is no person that can fool others at any time. Usually, people are proficient in watching out for patterns in their day-to-day actions (Peters Robert 1982, p. 60). Indeed, human beings are wise as they distrust words that are seemingly mismatching our deeds. People in an organization do not differ much, and therefore these conflicts are present in them (Robbins 2007, p. 59). In order to deal with these conflicts, it is necessary to have a strong leadership in the organization. With a strong leadership in place, a passionate pride is taken in an effort towards setting high targets for the organization of people. A strong leadership necessary to deal with these conflicts is the o ne that establishes productivity teams and productivity development teams among others. Even though the approaches adopted by strong leadership are self- defeating, they are perfectly rational. Usually, the striking attributes of this symbiotic effect are excitement as well as believability, which are two characteristics of herculean importance if at all an organization wants to realize its goals in an effective manner (Solich 2007, p. 55). Taking believability into account, top performing business organizations are in most cases led by an individual who grew up with the core of the business. Managers represent their unique ability to engender excitement (Powell 2011, p. 8).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Strong Leadership in Business Organizations specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Most businesses where strong leadership has been adopted are attributable with producing a lot of winners. In addition, strong leade rship usually constructs these systems in such a way that they celebrate the winning when it occurs. Further, these systems unlike the ones without strong leadership utilize non monetary incentives in an extraordinary manner (Pedler 2010, p. 44). Among the key attributes of businesses with strong leadership is that they are always aware of the essentiality of maintaining things as simple as possible regardless of the overwhelming genuine pressures to complicate the turn of events. In any organization, staff may simplify matters. However, the people in the field are irritated by the staff as they are known to make life miserable for them. Once the staff of any organization regardless of the number leaps into an action, information requests, regulations, policies, in addition to instructions on how the staff is performing are being generated. As this becomes the trend, overload of information sets into the system. It is impossible for short-term memory to bear or process all these inf ormation. Therefore, everything in the organization, including its running becomes confused. However, in a business where strong leadership has been adopted, when this ensues, there is always a way to cope with this sort of problem (Robbins 2007, p. 67). One of the strategies that a strong leader does is intentionally keep the corporate staff number as small as possible. This implies that the number of corporate staff in the business will not generate excessive confusion down the line. In addition, unlike other businesses, a business characterized with strong leadership usually has a tendency of putting a focus on just a few key business values as well as just a few business objectives (Peters Robert 1982, p. 67). Focusing on a few key business values is indispensable as it lets everyone realize what is weighty and what is not. As a result, there is simply less necessity for daily unending instructions, that is, daily short-term memory overload.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In many businesses where strong leadership has been adopted, paperwork is minimal (Rizzatti 2005, p. 10). Indeed, in these organizations, paper work is eliminated by using quick hit task forces. In addition, these organizations sub optimize; they tend to overlook economies of scale put up with a fair and a considerable amount of internal overlap, mistakes, as well as duplication in an effort towards seeing that they will not have to coordinate each and every activity, which, given their size, these businesses could not do in anyway (Cockerell 2009, p. 69). It is often argued that the most excellent and successful companies are way they stand since they are organized in such a manner which is necessary to obtain extraordinary efforts from ordinary individuals. Leadership represents a variety of things. Leadership is patience. According to Cangemie et al (2003, p. 33), it is usually a singularly frustrating coalition building. He further asserts that it is the purposeful seeding of ca bals that an individual perceives or hopes will eventually result in the appropriate ferment in the bowels of a business organization. Further, leadership involves a meticulous shift of institution’s attention through the use of mundane language of systems of management. In addition, leadership entails alteration of agendas in an effort towards seeing that the new policies get more attention. Furthermore, leadership requires one to be visible whenever things go awry (Rizzatti 2005, p. 19). Further, it requires an individual to be invisible whenever things are working well. According to the findings of a research conducted by Savage (2012, p.36), leadership involves the process of establishing a loyal team at the top, which is responsible for speaking more or less in unison. According to Rowbotham (2007, p. 76), leadership requires a person to listen in a careful manner in most of the times while frequently imparting encouragement messages through the power of speaking, and re inforcing words with actions that are not only realistic but believable as well. At times, leadership necessitates a person to be tough whenever necessary. This implies that the person to whom the people in the organization look upon must be more than a leader. He must be a strong leader exhibiting strong leadership skills (Sherman n.d). A strong leader acts as the mentor, the value shaper, an example, and the one who moulds meanings. Having a strong leader at the helm is indispensable since the strong leadership job is tougher than that of just a leader. He is usually the true artist, as well as the pathfinder. In an organization, it is essential that the urge for transcendence that unites every employee in the organization is called forth and exemplified. Only a strong leader can see these through (Sherman n.d). A strong leader and his strong leadership are considered to be miles ahead of just leaders as he is able to exhibit consistency spread over long periods of time in support of his transcending values (Rowbotham 2007, p. 80). A strong leadership holds that there is no opportunity deemed small and that there is no particular forum too insignificant. Further, a strong leader holds that there is no audience that can be regarded as too junior unlike other forms of leadership. Strong leaders and leadership are always able to make their followers transcend the day-to-day affairs. Leadership that is not strong in its nature is usually preoccupied with power unlike the cases with strong leadership. Attention to power blinds leaders and results into their inability to install correct purposes. Strong leadership is necessary since it promotes a situation where employees in a business organization interact with one another in a manner that the leaders as well as the employees raise one another together and, therefore, reach higher levels and extents of morality in addition to motivation (Sherman n.d). Strong leadership is considered to be moral due to its tendenc y to raise the level of the employee conduct as well as raising the aspiration of not only the leader but the employee as well. This means that a strong leadership, unlike just leadership, has a transforming effect on both the leader and the employee. An organization attributable to having a strong leadership is dynamic. To elaborate on this, such a leadership involves a leader throwing himself into a relationship with his employees. Subsequently, the employees will feel elevated, and as a result, they become more active. This activity on its part helps in the creation of new cadres of leaders among these employees. Strong leaders, unlike managers, have the ability to understand other people’s emotions (Peters Robert 1982, p. 77). It is commonly stated that managers prefer working with people. By contrast, strong leaders prefer stirring emotions. Whenever employees of an organization are exposed to a strong charismatic leadership style, they are not only strengthened but upl ifted by the experience, as well. Such employees feel more powerful unlike other forms of leadership where they feel less powerful and submissive. A system where strong leadership has been adopted does not force the employees to submit and follow the leader by sheer overwhelming magic pertaining to his personality, in addition to his persuasive powers. Instead, he tends to be influential by way of not only strengthening but inspiriting his employees (Rowbotham 2007, p. 80). Therefore, a strong leadership business environment arouses confidence in the employees. As a result, the employees feel better and are able to accomplish the organizational goals (Powell 2011, p. 1). Strong leadership in a business crops up a symbiotic effect on the part of the leader and the followers. Usually, the striking attributes of this symbiotic effect are excitement, as well as believability, which are two characteristics of herculean importance if at all an organization want to realize its goals in an effective manner (Solich 2007, p. 55). Taking believability into account, top performing business organizations are in most cases led by an individual who grew up with the core of the business. A compelling example is HP. Concerning the second attribute, a strong leader’s explicit criterion of choosing managers represents his unique ability to engender excitement (Powell 2011, p. 8). Strong leadership is a must for any business since the in building of purpose is a challenge to creativity and a leader must have to possess more than just leadership skills. If a strong leadership is not in place, there is a herculean possibility that the business will not achieve its targeted goals (Solich 2007, p. 57). Perhaps, it may end up deviating from the intended course of action, a clear indication that it is heading to a fall. In building of purpose involves the act of transforming men, as well as groups, from being neutral and technical units into participants with a particular stamp, in addition to sensitivity and commitment. This implies that this process is indeed educational. According to Hansen (2010, p. 104), a strong and effective leader ought to be aware of the meaning, in addition to mastering the technique of the educator. Mullins (2010, p. 44) asserts that the art of a strong and creative leader is the art or building an organization. Further, it is the art of reworking of humans, as well as technological materials in an effort towards fashioning an organism, which is supposed to embody new, as well as enduring values. Zaleznik (2007, p. 67) made a worthwhile note when he indicated that the act of institutionalizing involves infusing values beyond a task’s technical requirements, which is at hand. Only a strong leader can do this. Without the aspect of strong leadership, this motive cannot be realized, and this spells out the essentiality of a strong leadership. The awarding of the social machinery in a way beyond its technical role, according to Cangemie et al (2004, p. 46), doubly reflects the unique way in which it fulfills both group and personal needs. It does not matter whether people become attached to a business organization. All that matters is prizing or awarding. Taking the standpoint of a committed employee into consideration, there is prodigious likelihood that the business organization will be transformed from being an expandable tool into a source of personal satisfaction, which is largely valuable. This can not come if a strong leader is not at the helm. This is an implication that a business leader serves as the primary expert in an effort towards promoting and protecting the values (Mullins 2010, p. 46). Conclusion From this analysis, it is clear that a strong leadership in a business is a vigorous and positive thing (Blazek 2011, p. 41). A business organization with strong leadership results in a better relative performance, unlike an organization where strong leadership is not advocated (Pedler 2010, p . 32). In addition to this, it leads to a situation where the level of contribution from the ‘average man’ is induced. This analysis also established that for both the business organization and society in which the business is build around, a business with strong leadership creates an environment in which people can blossom (Zaleznik 2007, p. 70). In addition, it creates an environment where people can develop self-esteem. The essence of this is that people will be excited and motivated to participate in the business organization as well as in the society as a whole. Unlike strong leadership, a business organization where strong leadership has not been adopted ends up in creating groups of non excellent performers (Peters and Robert 1982, p. 80). Further, the employees are almost perverse and always at odd taking every variable into account. In these organizations, it is a norm to lose rather than win. Further, the reinforcement is usually negative unlike strong leaders hip organizations where reinforcement is positive (Blazek 2011, p. 47). Guidance in these organizations tends to be arranged by the rule book instead of tapestries or even myths (Mullins 2010, p. 49). In addition, a business organization without strong leadership as its strongholds adopts a method where constraint and control are dominant. By contrast, in a business organization where strong leadership has been adopted, there is soaring of meaning and there is always a chance to sally forward (Hansen 2010, p. 110). Another shortcoming of an organization where strong leadership is not evident is that there is always politics – a thing that hampers development in addition to sustainability. In an organization with strong leadership, leading is usually guided by moral and this plays a key role in the achievement of an excellent company’s status (Peters Robert 1982, p. 85). Overall, strong leadership is a key to the effective running of any organization, and as such, any organization must ensure that it embarks on strategies that will put in place a strong leadership. References Blazek, C 2011, Ineffective leadership is costly, Cengage Learning, Belmont Cangemie, P, Hewwet, L, McQuade T Jairus, F 2004, ‘The journal of successful management development: Successful leadership practices in turbulent times’, Bradford, Vol. 33 no. 1, pp. 30 Cockerell, L 2009, Creating Magic: 10 common sense leadership strategies from a life at Disney, Doubleday, New York. Hansen, M 2010, ‘The Best-Performing CEOs in the world,’ Harvard Business Review, Vol. 4 no. 7, pp. 104-113. Mullins, J 2010, Management and organizational behavior, Prentice Hall, Essex. Pedler, M.A 2010, Manager’s Guide to Leadership: An Action Learning Approach, McGrow Hill, Berkshire. Peters, T Waterman, R 1982, ‘Ch3 ‘Man waiting for motivation,’ The wall Street Journal, Vol. 5 no. 2, pp. 55-86. Powell, G 2011, ‘The Gender and Leadership Wa rs,’ Organizational Dynamics, Vol. 40 no. 5, pp. 1-9. Rizzatti, I 2005, ‘Electronic Business,’ Highlands Ranch, Vol. 31 no. 10, pp. 10-25. Robbins, S Timothy, J 2007, Organizational Behavior, Prentice Hall, London, UK. Rowbotham, F 2007, Operations Management in Context, Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford. Savage, N 2012, ‘Director: What makes a good leader,’ London, Vol. 65 no.5, pp. 36 Sherman, T n.d. The differences between effective and ineffective leadership skills, www.helium.com/items/1086365-good-bad-leadership Solich, H 2007, Tips for effective leadership, Thomson Learning, South Melbourne, Victoria. Zaleznik, A 2007, ’Managers and leaders: Are they different?,’ Harvard Business Review, Vol. 7 no. 3, pp. 67-78. This essay on Strong Leadership in Business Organizations was written and submitted by user Johnathan Knight to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

My Unforgettable Trip Essay Example

My Unforgettable Trip Essay Example My Unforgettable Trip Paper My Unforgettable Trip Paper My most unforgettable Trip occurred about 3 years ago during the summer vacation, when I and my sister were embarking on our journey to Spain due to relocation. The day of the trip I laid in bed thinking about the friends of mine whom I was going to leave behind. Thoughts kept coming in. A night before we planned the journey from a city in Nigeria to the capital to catch the plane the next day. We didnt book to take a van. So thought of waking earlier to get to the station were they hire cars and taxis for travelling because we could drive down due to the far distance. So the day came when we had to travel and got to the station as planned. When we arrived at the hire station we seemed to have some problems with our luggage because they were too much for a car our taxi so we had to book for a van to be able to take our luggage. We waited for a long period of time to find the perfect car that would fit our luggage but they seemed to too small or parked up. My aunty who was going to accompanied me and my sister to the airport got so angry because she tend to get very hot tempered because we didnt have a very long period of time to waste before our plane could take off because the journey from were we where to the airport was about 3 hours long. And we had to be their before 7pm. It was about 12pm we hungry so we went for food everyone looking frustrated at the time hoping we leave soon. We where about to leave to another hire company when they assigned us to the perfect van that could take us to the place and fit our entire luggage. Before leaving we had to pray, and I felt very bad because I was going to a different country and was going to miss all my friends and family. I was not comfortable and I cried and wished I never moved. I then got used to the fact that I could come and visit them often and call them. So we took some pictures and we where very happy. The journey was almost perfect but they rain started and it was extremely heavy the drivers driving couldnt see as far due to the rain and that caused a huge traffic jam. I was sitting close to the window with my can of coke and eating my lunch which I had purchased earlier on from the shop. My aunty and my sister fell asleep. During that time I was bored and thinking about other things that were bothering me. My eyes moved into seeing the hill at were in font of us. A bus suddenly came into the picture and which was very close to us. Every car speeding by passing, no limit what so ever. At my side I could say lakes which were very deep inside: I wondered to myself what if something someone fell in side it Then suddenly the bus that was in front of our van suddenly stopped, due to the rain and the speed those cars where taking no one could see what was going to happen and, Boom we smashed into each other. Our car tumbled and we were in luck that the car didnt stumble into the lake. People came across to help us get out of the car because we where stocked and the driver was half dead. We struggled to get out of the car and our entire luggage went lost. Everything was very strange; I had never had that kind of experience before. It was like watching a horror movie. Some people who also participated in the accident started crying, looking for their children, tears beginning to increase, and my leg was deeply injured, my aunty was seeking some help, and my sister was full of injury. It almost seemed that the strategy was never going to end. It felt that I was dreaming and was confused. I was losing a lot of blood and then the emergency aid came and took me and some other people to the hospital where we where treated. We had to pay for some fees but someone came to our aid and did the payments. That was miraculous because we didnt have any money on our hands. We finally got to where we where headed to. And rested but didnt miss our flight. We were happy that we made it through because someone could have lost their life.

Nursing Implication for Teenage Pregnancy Research Paper

Nursing Implication for Teenage Pregnancy - Research Paper Example Therefore, studied below are the important trends in the issue of teen pregnancy with its nursing implications for it. Also when it comes to the control and establishment of any aspect of health in a society, we cannot help ourselves but refer to the support of family and friends along with medical sustainability. Hence, after a qualitative research, discussed below are the important measures that need to be taken in order to control and affect this issue by the nurses. Nursing and Teen Pregnancy: Corroborating Implication and Insinuation INTRODUCTION Bastable (2008) believes that the role played by the nurses is that of a ‘caregiver’. Thus, during the process of coming to a decision regarding the status of young and old patients, it is necessary for nurses to not commence through logical verifications or commonsensical conjectures, where they take risks by being unaware of what the results or consequences might be. A large number of problems are originating in the publi c health sector if the current state of affairs is reviewed. Teen pregnancy is amongst these frequently originating colossal problems. The targets of this problem are the females under the age of twenty and the involvement comprises of both young and adult males. Young girls become a victim of this issue due to both societal and personal concerns. As the following chart represents, an increase has been found in the rates of this issue again in the past few years even after 2005 states Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2009). . Thus, this review not only publicizes this subject, but it focuses on one segment of the verification: the relationship (preferred to be formal in clinical settings and semiformal in community set ups) and the implications of nursing for teenage pregnancy. Furthermore, it raises a subject upon the explication with orientation to the issue with interaction procedures and advising basis, because while most females prefer not attending clinical appointm ents, not everyone trusts the sentry of community set ups. Hence, this review puts forth the explication where teenage pregnant females arrive at clinics and are dealt with various strategies and advanced care. REVIEW OF LITERATURE As per SmithBattle’s (2006) research, it was evaluated that the children of teen mothers are considered to be at a highest risk of being targeted by adolescence pregnancy. This research was based to find out the data which would relate to the increase of this disease amongst children who had teen mothers but an astonishing fact which was out of the research was gained. This study was divided into further sub divisions and sixteen families were interviewed through dialogues and conversational assessments. After an interval of 4 years, the same families were interviewed again and the interesting fact that was gained lead to expounding that female mothers who were themselves pregnant in their teens were a victim of conservative set back which led thei r children to becoming a target of the same issue and not being able to consult clinical treatment or advice. Similarly, after a study carried out by Reynolds (2005) to evaluate the behavior of healthy pregnancy amongst teenage mothers and its knowledge, it was gained that females who consulted nursing advice in clinical associations reported less risky behaviors during their

The Various Employment Theories and The Overall Changes in Employment Assignment - 2

The Various Employment Theories and The Overall Changes in Employment Relations Since the 1970s - Assignment Example This research will begin with the statement that the relation between the management and employee in the workplace is a subject that attracts many people’s attention. Work is a part of people’s lives and so a lot of time is spent dealing with work-related issues. How the society views work today is different from the views of people from in the past due to the changing environments. Employment relation explains the management and regulation of the employment relationship between the worker and the employer. The study of employment relations has led to several theoretical perspectives that have helped explain the nature of employment relations. The following is some of the perspectives draw. The first is Unitarianism, a perspective based on workplace conflicts between the employees and the manager. This theory explains that conflicts in the workplace are inevitable, and they should be seen as a unifier and not a dissolvent. In the organization, the employee carries the s ame interest as the manager and that is to see the organization thrive. In case of disagreement, the two parties agree to disagree for the benefit of the organization. The main cause for conflicts according to Bryson is a clash of personality, promotion, lack of communication skills and dissidents deviation. This can be easily solved by the management through finding the problem and solving it. In Taylor’s scientific management theory he states that employees have limited ambitions and tend to act immature and avoid their responsibilities whenever they can. Companies that choose to subscribe to Taylor’s theory set clear roles and directives on assignments undertaken at work. The approach here gives management an upper hand because it has great authority on the workers. The other theory applicable in this case is the human relations theory where workers are viewed as individuals who are self-motivated and have a sense of self-fulfillment in the organization. In this the ory, workers are granted the autonomy to operate in a manner that they feel the job satisfaction. Organizations that adopt this approach create a self-governing environment and allow employees to govern themselves. The second set of assumption is pluralism and unlike Unitarianism pluralism believes that work conflict is necessary and healthy for the organization. Businesses are made up of different complex groups with each group carrying different interests.

Magnificent Architectural Space Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Magnificent Architectural Space - Essay Example Its significance can be assessed as two-fold, first from the standpoint of this particular work in the Piranese artistic development, and second - from a stance of considering the role of Piranese in the etching movement, and his influence on contemporary environment. This print belongs to the early works of Piranesi, when he was concentrating on revealing the beauty of architectural forms and his desire to create impossible spaces was just emerging. Being an aspiring architect putting together a living as an engraver in Rome, Piranesi was inspired by his early encounter with the ancient city. It was an experience that significantly shaped his highly personal work as an architect, etcher, and designer. The series the Prima Parte di Architteture e Prospettive, which includes Magnificent Architectural Space, was first published in 1743. Modern editors, Andrew Robison and John Wilton-Ely, agree that it is a truly extraordinary collection of prints, a publication that demonstrates how quickly and deeply the young artist had absorbed, and in many ways transcended, the graphic and architectural models available to him during the early 1740s (Giovanni Battista Piranesi 1972 p.117). According to scholar John Wilton-Ely, the distinguishing characteristics of Piranesi's early works were "the unorthodox combination of classical motifs, the manipulation of superhuman scale, the organization of powerfully receding perspectives upon diagonal axes, and the modulation of space by means of skilful lighting"(Wilton-Ely 1994 p.23). John Wilton-Ely also highlights that Piranesi was the first to convey the "layering of historical change" within a single image, normally by inserting letters of the alphabet against relevant parts of a building's structure; the letters, in turn, refer to extended captions within or outside of the print block. Colin F. Madigan emphasizes the impact of Piranesi's early works on the contemporary environment by pointing out that the prints "expressing the chaotic richness of the classical world were displayed in gentlemen's houses in Europe and their influence on the design of buildings and furniture at that time was significant" (Madigan 1982 n/p). Moreover, the artistic value of the Magnificent Architectural Space should be assessed from the standpoint of the corresponding stage of the etching historical development. If we stop at eighteen hundred and look back at the prints that have been made up to that time, one of the outstanding characteristics of the movement represented in them seems to have been a gradual withdrawal from print making by the more important artists (Ivins 1969 p.96). The number of masters making prints with their own hands dropped significantly and Piranesi was one of the few representatives of this movement in the eighteen hundred. Piranesi etched and published numerous folio print sets of art, architecture and archaeology of Rome that served as source material for other architects and designers. After the artist's death, his son Francesco took the plates to Paris and continued publishing his father's work between

The Malaysian constitution

The Malaysian constitution The Malaysia constitution is a measureable collective and guidelines to regulating the administration of a country. The guideline for Constitution is mainly on the basis for making laws, to rule the government in the country for fairly and efficiently. Besides that, the outline of the constitution is also to provide basis freedom, rights, responsibilities for the parties in the government, citizenship, finance, judiciary, general election and the power and responsibilities to distribute to the parties between the government and the state government. Background of Malayan Constitution The Malaysian Constitution is the basis and beginning of the Federation of Malaya Constitution it is towards for Independent Malaya that formed on 16 September 1963. From the background of the Constitution 1948 of the Federation of Malaya Constitution is replaced by the Reid Commission 1956, which is formulated to the new constitution to dissolution from the Malayan Union. Let us look in to the changes for the steps to the evolution of the Malaysian Constitution. 1945 Back to few years before the independent there are some changes that leading the forming of the supreme legal resources to apply for the independent democratic country from the defeat of the Japanese Second World War ended and surrendered from the year 1945. From the period of the Japanese surrender and so as the British return to Malaya and gave the opportunity to Malayan Communist Party (MCP) to government in Malaya. The MCP only gets to control the Malayan for 14 days because the chaos and the trouble were created by the member. On the September 1945, the British return to Malaya and help to restore the peace by established the British Military Administration ( BMA ) to ruled the chaos military but they realized is failed, the British have decided the proposed, Another new system of administrative of Malayan Union. The British Parliament has presented the white paper the created of the new system of administration in Malaya, on 10 October 1945 that called as Malayan Union. In the proposal of Malayan Union is included the states of Federated, such as Perak, Negeri Sembilan, Selangor and Pahang, and so as the Unfederated stated such as Penang Island, Malacca Kelantan, Kedah, Terrengganu, Johor and Perlis. (www.sejarahmalaysia.pnm.my) The main reason for this Malayan Union is to protect the economics for the British to Malaya is under one ruling system to standardize the administration. This ruling system is to cut down the administrative cost for the Malay states. Thru this system, is showing that the British officer is hatred by the Malayan Union and had against the Malays for support during the Japanese for their Occupation in Malaya. So they felt is grateful to MPAJA that had opposed the Japanese. The listed is the following of the Malayan Union features, Is had formed up the nine states of Malay states, and so as Penang and Malacca. Kuala Lumpur is the centre of the British Government that was a British Government which assisted to Governor for Executive Council and Legislative Council. The Governor is only advised by the Malay rulers, the sovereignty is a ruler of their own states is wiped off and the main issues is only to authority the Islam issues and as the Head Malay council of Advisors. It is also to maintain the purpose of the State Council to manage the local government, but still under control by the central government. Singapore is not under the Malayan Union because is still under the British colonial territory by the ruled of British Governor General thats above the of Malayan Union The principle of jus soli is based on the citizenship. From this principle, the citizenship was obtained by (a) at the age of 18 years old or above of the foreigner, have to resided in Malay thru 10 out of 15years period before 15 February 1942 and (b) a person who born in after under forming Malayan Union. The citizenship have a rights that regardless from the race or origin, that have can entry into the government services to vote in the general election. 1946 Harold MacMicheal, have been assigned for a task to gather the Malay state rulers for approval for the Malayan Union. In 1 April 1946, the Malayan Union is officially proclaimed and Edward Gent is the first Governor and the Malays in the country were against the Union. There are some parties opposed have been setting up to opposition of the Malayan Union. This parties is for the individual to voices out their opposition by mass media thru the newspapers Majlis and Utusan Melayu and is regarding the matters of power and sovereignty of the Malay rulers thru the have right for the foreigner on the principle of jus soli. In 1-4 March 1946, of the Selangor Malay Union by Dato Onn Jaafar total 107 representations and 56 observers from 41 Malay Union is attended. As the result, of the Congress was formed the United Malay National Organization (UMNO) by Dato Onn Jaafar as a president. The slogan of Long live the Malays is coming out from the Dato Onn Jaafar and Malays Leaders thats have trav elled around the country to get the Malays to defend the position and their rights. There are some reason for the Malays to opposed the Malayan Union is, The granting of the citizenship to the non-Malays. On the 1947, the Malays population is only at 47.46%, therefore is have great effect on the economic and political at that time because the non-Malays is over took the population of the Malays. Erosion of Malays rulers power and sovereignty. The rulers of it is for the Malays to become the supreme head to have more power. In this point, if the rulers is lost is as a result the lost of the Malays power as well. MacMicheals treats in getting the rulers to sign the agreement. The forces and threatened the Malays rulers to sign the agreement to form Malayan Union and the Malays has become angry. Meanwhile, the opposition is came by the former British officer from Malaya, Frank Swettehem, R.O. Winstedt, George Maxwell and Cecil Clementi Smith. From this British officer , the British is to abolished the Malayan Union and since then the non-Malays is not interested in the Malayan Union by saying the is being colonial and undemocratic. The British have decided to postpone the right of the enforcement of the right for the citizenship. From this implementation of the Malayan Union as a result to leading to failure as according some matter, Strong opposition from the Malays. The strong sense of nationalism from the Malays towards the Malayan Union. No strong support from the non-Malays. Due to excluding of Singapore the non-malay is lost of interested in the Malayan Union. Wrong timing. The result from the Japanese occupation is still remaining the feeling of enemy still exist between the Malays and the Chinese and the condition of it, is still not yet peaceful. Due to the economic and the social is still a problem and have a strong gut the Malayan Union is only for the Malays and not to favoring the non-malays, the strong loyalty from the Malays as well at that moment. Wrong introduction. In London, the blackmail to get the agreement to sign by the rulers is still a strong objection by the Malaya people Opposition from former British administrators in Malaya. The former British is protected the special right for the Malays. 1948 Federation of the Malaya ( Persekutuan Tanah Melayu PTM ) was formed on 1, February 1948 the decision of the British Government. On 25 July, 1948, have a new constitution to replace the Malayan Union. The members of the committee is by 6 British officer, 4 representatives Malays rulers and 2 UMNO representatives is different from the Malayan Union, including the following matter, Is giving protection to the Malay rulers of power and soverrignty A constricted condition for the non-malays citizen and special right for the Malays. However, from this pressure of the Malays and the British Government, is not fully accepted by the other group from the non-malays and the Malays community. The non-Malays have formed All-Malaya Council of Joint Action ( AMCJA) and so as the Pusat Tenaga Rakyat ( PUTERA ) for the Malays, these two forces have joint together as AMCJA-PUTERA because they have different view of the UMNO. Its have become same objective to fight for the independence of the country. The formation of the Federation of Malaya is fixed by the British Government on 1, February 1948 for it to established and the British High Commissioner is the head, for the Legislative Council and Federal Executive Council, and for the nine Malays states include of Penang and Malacca, will have they right over their own states. The state government is responsibility for the local government, land matter, health, education and agriculture. The Malacca and Penang Island, the administration have comes under the Resident Commissioner. The aim from the British is to establish Federation of Malaya to independence. For the non-Malays that born in Malaya, can grant their citizenship. From this challenge the British have decided to divide the rule and policy according to the place of residence and occupation. According to the Barnes Report in school, the English is at secondary level and the primary is at Malay. For the Chinese school from the Fen-Wu report is remains unchanged. The British Government had set up the Inter-Ethnic Relations Committee to have an open discussion for racial problems. On this Committer is to gives the Malay to involve themselves in business and industry, the non-Malays is on politics. The General election is introduced to give peace and prosperity to the nation. The Member System is introduce in the Federal Legislative Council to gives local people to involve in administrative system. The purpose of this Member System is to give the local people is to appoint as representative in the central government position and to created the spirit of cooperation and compromise between the people to the administrative. In 1951, the politics parties become strong to wants to achieve the independence. Dato Onn Jaafar is the head of UMNO, have joint the parties with MIC and MCA to Alliance, to created a strong union with Malays, Chinese and Indian, that gives strong strength and support to the communities in the country. However, there are also some party that wanted to achieve the independence thru that combines from PUTERA and combine from the Malays and Indonesian by created Melayu Raya. There are also some other parties such as MCP, thats involved in revolution in China and Russia and so as other parties like Islamic wanted to set up an Islamic government. UMNO have change the slogan Long Live the Malays to Merdeka in 1951. In February 1952, the UMNO and MCA have won 9 seat out of 12 seat, and from this, the UMNO willing to sacrifice and share the power with other committee for unity to have a wide support from the Alliance. In April 1953, Dato Onn Jaafar have organize a national conference in Kuala Lumpur to discuss for the independence of Malaya. The first election has been request in 1956. 1955 But the decision of the Dato Onn Jaafar followers is on 1955 and the British government is demand on the Alliance party more. In 1954, the British have turn down the Alliance representative in London for the independence of the country. In return, the UMNO and MCA members have resign from the post of government and thats lead to the British to agree the election in 1955. On 27,July 1955, the first general election was held, in Malaya. The party thats involve is Alliance, ( UMNO, MCA, MIC), Islamic Party of Malaya (PAS), National Party ( Parti Negara) , Labour Party ( Parti Buruh ) and Peoples Progressive Party ( Parti Progresif Rakyat). From this election the Alliance party won 51 seats out of 52 seats. 1956 In February 1956,Tunku Abdul Rahman, as a Chief Minister leading the team to London to negotiate for Malayas the independence. The 4 representatives of Datuk Panglima Gantang, Datos Ahamd Kamil, Abdul Aziz Majid and Datos Mohd Seth, representatives of Alliance : Tunku Abdul Rahman, Dr Ismail Abdul Rahman, Datos Abdul Razak Hussien and Colonel H.S Lee and the British representative in Malaya. Is lasted for three week , from 18 January to 8 February 1956, that the Lord Lennox Boyd, Secretary of British Colonial Territories the negotiation have a condition to drawn up the Malayas new Constitution. 1957 On 31, August 1957, have declare that the independence for Malaya and announced the date of independence at Padang Bandar Hilir Malacca after return from London. The set up of Reid Commission thats headed by Lord Reid is to draw up the constitution for the independence of Malaya. The Commission has amended few times from June to October 1956. Out of 131 written ones, is drawing up of the Constitution framework, Malay rulers and the Alliance. The Federal Legislative Council had accepted and approve by the Constitution on 15, August 1957 and effects on 27, August 1957. There is some following based on the 1957 Malayan Constitution for the concept of monarchy and democracy as fundamental principles:- The head is the Yang di-Pertuan Agong and for the respective state is a ruler from each states Son of the soil for the Malays is recognize and the guaranteed the special rights as well The national language is the Malay, where else English is still can be use in the 10years after the independence in the Legislative Council The Malayan citizen is for those who born in Malaya and same goes too, after the Independence For the Federation of Malaya, Islam is the official religion and for the non-Malay is freedom to worship their own. The Selangor Club Green ( Dataran Merdeka) is the symbolized the Malayan Independence day at the first second when the clock reaches after midnight on 31, August 1957. The changes of the Union Jack ( British flag) to the Malaya independence flag Jalur Gemilang was flown on the same day. Tunku Abdul Rahman was appointed to become the first Prime Minister that chosen by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong of the Federation of Malaya. 1962 After the Independence for six years Sabah, Sarawak and Singapore joined Malaya and become a new nation of members, Malaysia. The Cobbold Commission is setting up on April, 1962 while Tunku Abdul Rahman and Tan Siew Sin at London. Is to survey for the opinions for Sabah and Sarawak citizen by February to April 1962. From the survey is shown that 70% people in the country are favor in joining Malaysia and so the task of the new constitution is begin. On July 1962, Malaysia to have a Pre-agreement consultation in London, and to resolve the differences between the Cobbold Commission and the Malayan reports. As a result, the agreement has been amended and the acceptance of the Malayas proposal. The primary draft for the Inter-Government Committee is known as Landsdowne Committee, as a new constitution. For Singapore referendum, Lee Kuan Yew is support the merge with Malaya and the population from Singapore , 70% is agreed on the merge. Singapore is retain in the interest in Malaya, to have urge to merge, Tunku Abdul Rahman had made proposal in 1961. United Peoples Party is against the formation of Malaysia because the parties have a different direction of ideology. Brunei is keen on the merge at first, Sultan Ali Saifuddin was preferred to be independence and changed his mind when the Parti Rakyat, Ahmad M. Azahari is a leader of this strong opposition party to revolt the merge of Brunei. For Sabah and Sarawak, the people population aware that will be different in the structure after the merging with Malaya. The citizen is fearful of losing their rights due to Malayan domination and especially the non-Malay so as the concern of the religion and language. The Chinese is having fearful to the Chinese Singaporean due to the competition of economic. 1963 Tunku Abdul Rahman has solved a problem between the Singapore Referendum and United Nations Investigation, that resulting for the local political changes and others interferences. The United Nation mission is to have a certain answer from the Sabah or Sarawak citizen. However, the Philippines and Indonesia was continue to opposed because Sabah is claimed under the Sulu Sulatanate that belongs to Philippines, there are 2/3 people supported it. Meanwhile, Indonesia wanted to merge to Indonesia Raya at the same timing to have Malaya to become North Borneo Federation of Sabah, Sarawak and Brunei. (www.scribd.com) On 8 July, 1963, in London, all the party have agreed and sign the agreement of the Malaysian Agreement from the report of Inter-Government Committee that have become the foundation by all members The Federation of Malaya Parliament had approved to the Malaysia Act of amend Article (1) and (2) 1957, had effect on 16, September 1963 the day that proclaim to Malaysia, Queen of England has decide to let Sarawak, North Borneo and Sabah to combine to become independence with the Malaysian Federation The Rukun Negara is a principle of the supremacy of the Constitution thats comes in third after the principle on God and the country. The citizen can have a security, wealth and special rights to protect in the Constitution as a respect to the countrys regulation under the Malaysian Constitution. The main features of the Malaysian Constitution are as following:- Is a federation Is a constitutional monarchy The country that practices parliamentary democracy The freedom of Islam as an official religion in Malaysia To rule the law and the supremacy of the Constitution The separation of the power in the legislative, the judiciary and the government with freedom to have different function with no conflict The power if the Judiciary is validity and transparency that within the provision of Constitution Sabah and Sarawak has the native tribes (son of the soil) and so as the national language, citizenship and the special rights. Based on Article 153, is base on the Malaysian ethnic background is due to benefit the Bumiputera, for the Islam that is Malay race that born in Malaysia, and is also apply to the Sabah and Sarawak orang asli to have this privileges. (www.statemaster.com) Under the Federal Section, the head of chief is the Yang di-Pertuan Agong is the chosen by the Malays ruler to rotate for five years. The Yang di-Pertuan Agong is also as a symbol to the nation. His Majesty is the countrys head and the Parliament as well. The Yang di-Pertuan Agong is also the commander of the armed forces and can appoint the task to the Courts judges to carry out the justice on behalf in the conflict laws. The Yang di-Pertuan Agong is an official government action and executive in the countrys regulation. All His Majesty acts are also by the advice of the Prime Minister. However, the Malaysian Constitution can be amending thru the Parliament process in the Article 159 and 161E. The use of Malaysian Constitution is based on the multi-racial Malaysian society. The people can give their opinions in the public view and suggestion thru the Constitution. Within the year of 48 years the amended has been done for 42 times according to Shad Saleem Farugi, for this amendment to be done, its need a 2/3rds of the majority agreed is required by the Houses of Parliament. (www.statemaster.com) Is formed by 1 Federal Constitution, Kuala Lumpur, and 13 states Constitution, Terenganu, Sarawak, Sabah, Selangor, Perak, Perlis, Penang, Negeri Sembilan, Kelantan, Kedah, Pahang, Johore and Malacca. The power of the Parliament is giving to make the Federal laws (Acts) and other law such as Islamic laws and DUN and the states laws. The power of the separation to at the federal, state concurrent list as follow: The Federal List is regards to external affair, defense, internal security, civil and criminal law, citizenship, finance, commerce and industry, health, labour, fishery and tourism. State list is Muslim law, land, agriculture and forestry, local government, riverine fishing, library, museums and local government. Concurrent list is scholarship, protection of wildlife, town and country planning, drainage and venery, housing, culture and sport. There are five important elements in the Malaysian Constitution such as the religion, the national language, and the special rights for the Bumiputera, the special rights and the citizenship. This element is important because its the most relevant to the multi-racial society and so as to the constitutional monarchy for the practices of the Parliamentary democracy. The citizenship is the special status for the people in the country to have their rights. This status did provide benefits; rights and other facilities that are include the responsibility as a citizen. The special rights are as following, The citizen will have a right to vote in the election by the age of 21 years old on the qualify date. The citizen have their right to participate themselves to take part in politics in the country thats include the seat for contestant in the election. The citizen can be also joining the political talk at the age of 18 years old. Its means the citizen can also be the prime minister thru the election by the vote from the citizen. All position in the government is filled up only by the citizen of the country itself such as the Legislative, Judiciary and the Executive. The citizen will also entitle or free to have their own land property and will be consider thru the special conditions that related in the property development. For instance, the Bumiputera will get 5% on the property and for the non-Bumiputera is not entitle for the discount. The citizen are entitle to have the benefit and facilities in the country such as welfare benefits, education, public library, medical from the government hospital or Health clinic from every district area and others that provided by the country. The petroleum subsidy had been supported for the citizen as well. The citizen will have the freedom to move around the country such as from the north (Penang) to travel to south (Johor). The citizen will not be exiled by the country. The citizen will also have some responsibility and his role to the country in return to have this protection and the special rights. As following below matter, the citizen will need to, Joining the national service if he is required to by the country. To follows the laws and helps to support the country system. If the country need a contributions for the country regardless to the economy crisis, because the support from the citizen is the progress for the nation of well-being of societys. The citizen needs to participate to support the national programmes and events, for instance the Independence Day The domicile for the citizen is important to have citizenship laws to protect the status and rights for the each of the citizen in the country. The citizenship laws is to different for the citizen and the non-citizens and its to separate by the country from the official regulation. From this laws, its to give the citizen special rights and for the non-citizen is also protected by the laws thats wont violates in the international regulation. In 1948, Malaysia already beginning made the citizenship laws. Meanwhile, when the time the British who rule, there is no law(s) yet for the citizen or the foreigner, the British practices open door policy so that to welcome the foreigner to come freely to the country. In 1948, the Federation of Malaya Agreement has embodied the citizenship laws. The improvements have been done by 1952, it was carried or passes to the Malaya states and to the rulers and for those that becomes citizen of the Federation of Malaya. The status of citizen is given based on the resident period in the Malaya. Based on the Article 14 to Article 15, the Federal Constitution has set up more detail for the citizenship laws after the Independence Day. Loss of citizenship status There are two ways the citizen can lose their citizenship such as he or she can reject the citizenship based on personal reason and if the citizen has abuse or violated the laws, can be in the prohibited period. There is also some of the reason such as: The citizen have become other country citizen, for instance, if the citizen in Austria have become a citizen of the Austria. He or she cannot have more than one citizenships The citizen can have the rights to enjoy other country facilities, such as the rights is only for that country citizen, for instance, he or she can use both passport to go to other country and so as to participate the election as well For the women such as she married to a man from other country, therefore the citizenship will be in concerned If the citizen betrays or acts negatively, thats show that he or she is not loyal to Malaysia. The citizen having business or ties with enemy or hostile country The citizen that have been sentence within 5 year period during the staying in the country, its apply to the jail sentence as well if less than 12month or will fined not less than RM 5000.00 that within the Federation. The citizen that provide of gives service that without permission from the country The Malaysian citizen that lives in other foreigner country more than five years, can be exceptional if on with the service on behalf of Malaysian Government. The false influence of the citizenship The citizenship status for a foreigner women through marriage, if she divorce by the husband can be excepted for such cases of divorce if the husband is passed away From all the above statement is clearly show that the citizenship is special status, because the application or the inherited can be withdrawn due to certain offences. Therefore, every of the citizen should be appreciate the citizenship and responsible to ourselves as a citizen and so to the country. The fundamental liberties is define as the some certain fundamental individual rights or human civilization, thats apply to the lowest level as well to have the right for some condition and so as to the democratic way for the societys References: www.sejarahmalaysia.pnm.my www.scribd.com www.statemaster.com

A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings by Gabriel Garcia Marquez Essay

A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings is a story that not only brings imaginary characters into play but also it combines imagination with events that we live everyday. For me, the background of the story is not unfamiliar at all, since the author Gabriel Garcia Marquez was born and raised in Colombia and I found most of the details of the story related to me when I used to live in South America. The magic realism used in this story illustrates many aspects of our society today. The reaction of the people in the town towards the appearance of an unknown creature with a bald skull, just a few teeth in his mouth and enormous and dirty wings resembling a rare angel, makes me think about how people are very intolerant to differences of other individuals. I concluded this when I read the part ...