Nursing Breastfeeding Practices Among Working Women

Question: Depict about the Nursing for Breastfeeding Practices Among Working Women. Answer: Article 1 Critique: Breastfeeding Experiences among Taiwan Nurses Article Prepared by Wu, Kuo and Lin (2008) The title, Breastfeeding encounters among Taiwan Nurses completely depict the article. It compactly portrays the breastfeeding encounters that medical attendants looked during their days of work in a far reaching way (Wu, Kuo and Lin, 2008). The title recommended all the key factors like breastfeeding, rotational moves and attendants so as to attempt the examination. The theoretical of the article obviously sums up the primary highlights of the examination paper by expressing the point of the article which was to depict the encounters of ten three-move attendants and how they made the breastfeeding courses of action (Wu, Kuo and Lin, 2008). The strategy is very much portrayed, that is, the subjective methodology was utilized and information was gathered through semi-organized meetings. The discoveries and the finish of the article are brought out unmistakably in the theoretical. Notwithstanding, the difficult proclamation isn't expressed in the theoretical. In the presentation, the analyst drew out the issue proclamation obviously. There was a low pace of ladies who breastfeed their children only up to the suggested age of a half year. This is on the grounds that there are places where medical caretakers who breastfeed still go to work even in nightshifts. The outcome is that medical caretakers at Taiwan have issues in finding some kind of harmony among working and breastfeeding (Friedrich, 2016).The issue explanation constructs a fitting and enticing contention to think of aftereffects of the encounters the attendants at Taiwan have. The issue proclamation in the exploration is unquestionably having an extraordinary criticalness in nursing and particularly for the medical caretakers and the guidance they would offer to their female partners. The presentation doesn't give a decent match between the exploration issue and the strategies that were utilized to do the examination The article has a thorough report structure. Subjective strategies were utilized to get data about breastfeeding encounters from10 baby blues females. The investigation configuration gave a decent examination of the attendants individual encounters, key expressions, self-stories and different explanations that legitimately identified with the wonder being referred to (Wu, Kuo and Lin, 2008). The investigation configuration was fitting in that it diminished the outer legitimacy and dangers that could happen. As per the scientist, the procedures were viewed as proper in verbalization of an assortment of past encounters and convictions. In Sampling and testing, the analysts adequately picked an example populace that would give the necessary data. This was finished by arranging the picked test into; medical attendants working in rotational movements, nurture that had been breastfeeding for about a month and a half and medical attendants that were breastfeeding in their first pregnancy (Friedrich, 2016). A snowball approach was utilized in the enrollment of the members so as to improve the representativeness of the examples and decrease inclinations (Artzi-Medvedik, Chertok and Romem, 2011). The size of the example was likewise satisfactory to give the right data. The information assortment process obviously had the operational and theoretical definitions that were compatible. The key factors were placed into activity through meetings that were completely depleted for 1.5 to 2 hours as the analysts clarify. The meetings were likewise rehashed on the off chance that there was an interference by relatives (Onis, 2007). Adequate subtleties were gotten from the medical attendants as they were left to peruse and check terms in verbatim drafts. As per the reason for the examination, that is, to form bits of knowledge into the effect of work factors on breastfeeding encounters on move work medical attendants; there was sufficient utilization of logical instruments in information assortment. This included completing of meetings pseudonymously to secure the personality of each member. The report gave proof that the strategies utilized yielded substantial information that can exceptionally be depended on for the example size was adequate for immersion. The method satisfactorily portrayed the three-advance procedure and how members were met at once. There were mediations during the meetings yet they were not satisfactorily portrayed in the article (Onis, 2007). There was legitimate execution of re-meeting the medical attendants on the off chance that the meetings were hindered by a relative. Information was gathered all around to limit inclination in light of the fact that the example sizes were sufficient for immersion, to a certain degree that information assortment didn't yield new bits of knowledge. The discoveries were given supporting contentions. Medical attendants discovered suitable opportunity to communicate milk, understanding the difficulty between dealing with patients and communicating their bosom milk (Netshandama, 2012).The discoveries needed introduction in a summed up route with utilization of portions in the discoveries. It would have been exceptional if the discoveries were introduced in figures and tables. The topics in the discoveries tried to catch the significance of the information and the scientist acceptably conceptualized the subjects created from the examination (Wu, Kuo and Lin, 2008). In the conversation, there is translation of the significant discoveries that are deciphered inside the setting of the studys structure. Translations of the outcomes are likewise predictable with the examination and study confinements (Wu, Kuo and Lin, 2008). The conversation draws easygoing surmisings. One of the ends determined was that notwithstanding the attendants working conditions, all the females had the equivalent breastfeeding conditions. Article 2 Critique: Emerging Breastfeeding Trends among Singaporean Women Article arranged by Foo (2005) The title of this report is very more. It imparts and calls attention to the investigation populace. The title doesn't draw out the key factors utilized in doing the examination. The specialists simply called attention to the rising patterns in the Singaporean Chinese ladies (Foo, 2005). One can contend out that the specialist would have determined the major rising pattern among the predetermined gathering of ladies. The reports theoretical was astoundingly done. The strategies utilized are additionally unmistakably recorded and lopsided irregular inspecting technique was utilized. The outcomes were introduced in rates. An end was incorporated the last piece of the theoretical that breastfeeding mindfulness benefits is ascending in Singapore yet wellbeing arrangements may need to focus on the less taught ladies in future (Foo, 2005). The theoretical anyway neglects to draw out the issue explanation of the examination. In the presentation, the scientist draws out the issue articulation of the exploration in an unmistakable and an unambiguous way. A peruser can obviously observe that real breastfeeding rehearses miss the mark regarding the necessary rules to breastfeed infants to as long as a half year. The issue articulation at that point assembles an influential contention or issue that should be explained (Jakubec and Astle, 2012). The examination issue is critical in nursing for the data acquired would be utilized to instruct the breastfeeding moms in Singapore. The presentation archives a decent match between the exploration issue and the techniques utilized for a quantitative methodology. Research structure of the report was thoroughly done by the motivation behind the report. The quantities of information assortment focuses were proper on the grounds that they utilized unbalanced delineated irregular examining techniques for a predetermined period of youngsters (Jakubec and Astle, 2012). To lessen predispositions, the analyst ensured that all the clinical assessments were completed via prepared experts. Whittling down minimization has not been brought out well in the investigation plan. In examining and testing, the example populace was distinguished. There were an aggregate of 3009 youngsters that took an interest in the examination. The specialists neglect to depict the example in adequate subtleties. Taking a gander at the example size of 3009 youngsters that took an interest would be too enormous to even think about taking consideration of. The examining configuration was anyway fitting on the grounds that there was lopsided picking of test youngsters in an arbitrary way (Foo, 2005). The example predispositions would have been diminished by lessening the example size. Information assortment was astoundingly done by having operational and reasonable definitions included. They included mix taking care of which included taking care of bosom and non-bosom milk by means of the jug and substitution taking care of comprised taking care of business recipe feed barring bosom milk. Key factors were operationalized utilizing techniques, for example, meets by utilization of polls (Foo, 2005). The strategies neglected to portray the particular instruments used to accomplish the examination reason and study populace. The report doesn't give any proof that the information assortment techniques were dependable and legitimate. Strategies in doing the examination are not satisfactory or satisfactorily depicted. There is no proof whether the members assigned to the mediation bunch really got it. Notwithstanding, there is proof that the individuals who completed the exploration were prepared in light of the fact that it is archived that to diminish inclinations, the specialist ensured that all the clinical assessments were done via prepared experts (Foo, 2005). The discoveries were introduced in a basic manner by utilization of tables and charts. It was anything but difficult to decipher the discoveries as indicated by the manner in which they were introduced like the segment discoveries, breastfeeding term among the Singaporean ladies and the type of breastfeeding for various ladies. The data is introduced in a way that encouraged a meta-examination and has very adequate data required for EBP (Evidence-Based Practice). The conversation had all the significant discoveries deciphered inside the setting of earlier research. One of the discoveries was that inception of breastfeeding and length expanded with a later birth year and was not conditionally connected with higher maternal instruction (Buie, 2010). The analyst clarifies that this data is one

Drug Information Resources in Pharmacy Practice Essay

Medication Information Resources in Pharmacy Practice - Essay Example The solution is then checked and gone into the PC framework followed by entering the remedy and the date. Through this can be accomplished as it gives the ability to the reviewer to follow back for references on when the remedies was entered, and got. Such strategy is then trailed by encoding the prescription and the milligram controlled by the specialist alongside the subtleties of the patient's weight. At that point you enter the amount and approach the patient for their inclination on whether they lean toward verification tops on there medicine or a standard top. Decide whether the patient needs to pause or return by asking, in certain conditions the patient needs to hold up due to the desperation and the idea of their circumstance. At long last, and the most significant thing to check is to check whether the protection which the patient introduced covers said arrangement and in the event that it is topped off to soon. The drug specialist at that point prints the remedy and marks them with data, for example, area of the drug store, name of the patient and comparing measurement.

Cultural Pluralism Essaypilot

Introduction Cultural pluralism refers to a term that is used when smaller groups within a larger one maintain unique cultural identities, as well as their practices and values, are accepted through the more extensive culture given they are constant with the values and laws of the wider society. Cultural separatism, on the other hand, refers to the advocacy of a nation of ethnic, cultural, governmental, and tribal, gender, racial, and religious separation from the larger community. Even though a nation can be based on diversity, democracy, and equality, there are still different aspects of a country that can tear it apart. However, the three points can as well bring about problems within a state. As a result, though most people propagate cultural pluralism, it is important to understand that it inevitably will lead to cultural separatism. Cultural pluralism is more of a destruction tool rather than a construction tool this means that no matter how had people try to advocate for this pluralism, it will continue to become a tool of division and cultural separatism. According to Buchanan in his essay, Deconstructing America, cultural pluralism inevitably will lead to cultural separatism. As a result, democracy, equality, as well as diversity are things that America does not need more so, any nation that is based on these would hardly thrive (Pat 467). In Buchanans opinion, the belief that diversity is critical in America is only a myth this is, however, true since most nations have suffered instead of benefiting as a result of the three things. The disadvantages of a nation constituting of democracy, equality, and diversity surpass the advantages. Most countries that embrace cultural pluralism have admitted that the three (diversity, democracy, and equality) are not worth these countries have suffered significantly due to the embracement of these things. Cultural diversity or pluralism is the primary cause of issues such as ethnic fights, religious clashes, and fight for power in most of the nations that embrace this pluralism. According to Buchanan, it would be tough for a country to function without a common goal, belief, or characteristic (Pat 469). Cultural pluralism, on the contrary, encourages diverse goals, beliefs, as well as traits, where smaller groups within a larger society have different goals, characteristics, and ideas. As a result, it becomes challenging to unite such a country thus bring about the cultural separation in such a state. Different events in the American history have only proven cultural diversity as a dividing tool rather than a uniting tool. As a result, cultural diversity can be seen as the source of cultural separatism both in America as well as in most other countries. In this regard, Buchanans argument is right and identifies what causes division within a nation. Legal divisions that exist within a country such as ethnic, religious and gender divisions that are supported by diversity, equality, and democracy are the foundation of illegal divisions that cause unfair treatment of individuals within a nation (Buchanan 47). In this focus, I conquer with Buchanans argument that despite the efforts to unite America, this diversity will inevitably lead to separation within the nation. As America continues to become more and more diversified, the challenge of separatism continues to become more and more imminent. New individuals from various cultures show up in America and mess up with the unity and the way Americans live completely as a result, the diversity and democracy that allows such people to come to America is the cause of the countrys problems (Pat 469). According to Buchanan, unless America unites and assimilate with a single goal and has similar belief of installing the laws as well as the views that Americans have. Though people can never be all the same and share completely similar beliefs, views, and goals, with all the differences that we have, it is difficult to find somewhere to meet in the middle since we all need to have some agreement as to how the nation runs (Pat 470). The idea of a melting pot is therefore only a myth there is no way people will be allowed to live with their cultural differences, yet they are required to come together and live as one people.America among other nations were initially united but became divided after embracing cultural diversity, and the idea of diversity, democracy, and equality as a uniting tool only remains to be a myth for America. If Jamestown and Virginia were not about democracy, equality, and diversity for the 350 years between 1607 and 1957, who invented this myth that America was always about democracy, diversity, and quality? And what was their motive. Pat Buchanan seems to insinuate that there is a possibility that the people who invented cultural pluralism in the America were more of enemies of the unity (Buchanan 87). Though he does not explicitly state this, the question posed at the end of the above quote implicitly shows that the individuals who invented cultural pluralism could be enemies of the United States and may have had bad motives. America, just like many other nations that embrace cultural pluralism continues to endure division due to diversity, democracy, and equality. For instance, Virginia has become a radically revolutionized society, in half the century since resistance, no longer does Richmond proudly call herself the capital of the Confederacy. However, the point, in this case, is unpleasant to modernity though important to recognize cultural diversity is and continues to be the cause of all the separatism challenges that most countries are facing (Pat 472). The fact that most people have embraced cultural pluralism or diversity does not mean that it is error free on the contrary, cultural pluralism is the mother of most of the challenges that America and British Empire among others are suffering in the modern day. Most countries have embraced the idea of cultural pluralism avoiding to see the significant challenges that diversity, equality, and democracy continue to cause. According to Buchanan, today Britain and America have embraced ideas on the innate equality of all civilizations, cultures, faiths, and languages, as well as regarding the mixture of all races, peoples, and tribes. However, Buchanan continues to say that these are not only historical but also dangerous for America as well as the entire west. As a result, no matter how hard people try to believe that democracy, equality, and diversity are good for their country, it will not seize to bring about separation (Buchanan 187). According to Buchanan, no matter the lies we tell ourselves and teach our children, no great empire or republic not Islam, Russia, United States, Spain, China, France, Persia ever arose as a result of embracing equality, diversity, and democracy. In conclusion, it is worth noting that the more a nation works hard to embrace cultural pluralism, the more such a country contributes to its deconstruction or separatism. In this focus, Buchanan is right in his argument that despite people and nations trying to pretend that equality is a unifying tool, it will continue to tear them apart and cause increased separatism. As a result, though most people propagate cultural pluralism, it is important to understand that it inevitably will lead to cultural separatism. Works Cited Buchanan, Patrick J.Ð’ The death of the West: How dying populations and immigrant invasions imperil our country and civilization. Macmillan, 2010. Pat J. Buchanan. Deconstructing America. Created Equal, (2010): 462-472. Retrieved from http://tylerthompson.pbworks.com/w/file/fetch/93140814/Deconstructing%20America%20-%20Buchanan.pdf

The Role And Impact Of Micro Finance Institutions - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 24 Words: 7066 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? INTRODUCTION The strong economic growth is bound to create employment opportunities and therefore it will reduce unemployment. The evidence provided by the Labor Force Survey 2005 (First two quarters) clearly supports the fact that economic growth has created employment opportunities. Since 2003-04 and until the last half of 2005-06, 5.82 million new jobs have been created as against an average job creation of 1.0-1.2 million per annum. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Role And Impact Of Micro Finance Institutions" essay for you Create order Consequently, unemployment rate which stood at 8.3 percent in 2001-2002 declined to 7.7 percent in 2003-04 and stood at 6.5 percent during July-December 2005.The rising pace of job creation is bound to increase the income levels of the people. Agriculture, housing and construction, IT and telecom sector, and SME are the sectors, which have created relatively more jobs. The estimation of poverty line enables the policy makers to further identify and group the population into various à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"poverty bandsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ such as extremely poor, vulnerable and non-poor etc. The current growth rates however need to be strengthened to arrest the current growth in poverty levels. Macro stabilization, governance reforms and re-profiling of external debt stock have created prospects for growth in future. The government has indicated its willingness to speed up the pace of structural reforms to meet the major challenges of: Reducing poverty, Improving governance and administration, Improving the fiscal and balance of payments positions, Restoring investor confidence, Achieving higher growth on a sustainable basis, and Improving social indicators. 1.1 MICROFINANCE SECTOR Microfinance in Pakistan is relatively a new concept as compared to other countries in the region. The NGOs and Rural Support Programs has been the major player in the sector since early 1980s covering about 5% of more than 6.5 million poor households in the country. Recognizing microfinance as an important poverty alleviation tool, the Federal Government has adopted a microfinance policy that mainstreams the concept of sustainable microfinance, recognizes the private sectorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s role in poverty reduction and encourages its entry into banking with the poor. It has enacted a legal framework, the MFIs (Micro Financing Intermediaries) Ordinance 2001, for establishing Microfinance Banks in private sector and also facilitated establishment of Khushhali Bank, a public private partnership, with twin objective of substantially increasing outreach of microfinance services in the medium term and giving a model institution to the private sector to follow. The MFIs Ordinance 2001 inter alia stipulates the functions, capital requirements, ownership structure, terms and conditions for establishing Microfinance Banks/Institutions in the country, audit and disclosure requirements and winding up procedures. The provisions of the ordinance are applicable on microfinance institutions mobilizing savings from public to finance their operations. The operations of NGOs and other programs providing micro credit and allied services through sources other than public deposits/savings are not covered under the ordinance. The framework allows establishment of three categories of formal microfinance banks in the country via: Nation wide MFBs minimum paid-up capital of Rs.500 million Province wide MFBs minimum paid-up capital of Rs.250 million and District wide MFBs minimum paid-up capital of Rs.100 million 1.2 EVOLUTION OF MICROFINANCE IN PAKISTAN The microfinance movement in Pakistan followed a unique evolutionary path over the last decades. The proceeding paragraphs present the three development phases of the sector. Each phase represents entry of new institutional forms and structures in the Pakistani microfinance sector. Some of the highlights of this 30 year old history are as follow: Phase-1: 1970s, Government directed credit. The use of finance (mostly credit) as a development tool has a history in Pakistan in the form of government directed/subsidized credit schemes particularly in rural areas. In recent years Small Business Finance Corporation (SBFC), Youth Investment Promotion Society (YIPS), Self Employment Scheme (SES) and Yellow Cab Scheme are typical examples. While SBFC and YIPS represent a direct institutional intervention through use of public funds and institutional structures, SES and Yellow Cab schemes represent indirect government pressures on financial institutions, both public and private; to engage in politically motivated directed credit. In the last two initiatives, the government literally forced commercial financial institutions (mostly public sector) to provide concessionary financing especially to unemployed youth and business start-ups. The loan defaults associated with these schemes affecting the financial institutions profitability has been extensively reported in the popular press. Phase 2: early 1980à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s to mid 1990à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s philanthropy of finance. The emergence of the Pakistani microfinance sector is usually traced to two pioneering development institutions The Aga Khan Rural Support Program (AKRSP) and the Orangi Pilot Project (OPP). The early pioneers was established in 1982 by the Aga Khan Foundation (https:// www.akdn.org/), AKRSP was the first Integrated Rural Development Program of its kind, outside the government domain. It has focused its development interventions on the Northern Areas of Pakistan. The later day Rural Support Programs (RSPs), initiated by the government, were inspired by the AKRSP model of rural development. The first large scale practical implementation and conceptualization of development frameworks such as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“social mobilizationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“group lending methodologyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? can be traced to AKRSPà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s microfinance model initiated in 1982. While AKRSP pioneered development service provision in the rural, agrarian frontiers of north Pakistan, OPP took up the challenge of tackling urban poverty in the biggest slum settlement in Pakistanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s port city and commercial capital Karachi. OPP was established by Akhtar Hameed Khan, considered to be the father of rural development in Pakistan. OPP was established in 1987 and its development services include housing, sanitation and education. The RSP model, AKRSP formulated and implemented integrated development approach whereby rural population was organized into Village Organizations (VOs) and the needs prioritized by these community organizations were provided for through a broad range of development services such as education, health, sanitation as well as financial services (microfinance). AKRSP endeavored to develop human, social and financial capital of the communities it worked with. This integrated approach was replicated by government initiated development organizations called Rural Support Programs (RSPs). By 2004, RSPs were working with more than 43,000 community organizations comprising of more than 1,000,000 households. Sarhad Rural Support Program (SRSP) was the first RSP to be established in 1989 as a replication of AKRSP model in the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan. In the same year a Pak German development project was restructured as an RSP and renamed as Balochistan Rural Support Program (BRSP). Later on Punjab Rural Support Program (PRSP) was also launched by the Government of the Punjab province. The establishment of National Rural Support Program (NRSP) (www.nrsp.org.pk) in 1992 has a special significance. While SRSP and BRSP had provincial focus, NRSP was meant to be the largest national RSP with development interventions including a very ambitious microfinance program all over Pakistan. The rural focused microfinance operations of NRSP have expanded into urban areas as well under its Urban Poverty Alleviation Program (UPAP). With the above mentioned perspective, the microfinance strategy during the early 1990à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s has certain common elements; the word à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“micro credità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? was used instead of microfinance symbolizing provision of only loans (and compulsory savings) as a social service equivalent to other development needs such as education, health, sanitation etc. Microfinance best practices as we know them today were still in their formative stages and had not crystallized into a coherent set of principles and frameworks even at the international level. Phase-3: late 1990à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s till the present entry of the specialist MFI. The later part of 1990à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s saw the entry of regulated financial institutions such as commercial banks and leasing companies in the microfinance arena. Mostly urban based microfinance only programs also came up in major cities of Pakistan. Regulatory structures started taking shape, spawning a new microfinance institutional structure The Microfinance Bank (MFB). 1.3 VIABILITY OF PROPOSED MICROFINANCING BANK (MFB) IN THE COUNTRY In the light of the above scenario the establishment of the proposed micro financing bank (MFB) in the country raises many doubts about its effectiveness to reduce poverty, sustainability to survive in the long run, and opportunity cost of resources diverted from other potential projects towards the MFB. The banking sector in the country has a long history of poor targeting and high default rate in the economy. The past experience of cooperative societies in the country is also that of a disaster. Million of rupees were lost in these schemes on the name of credit. Mainly their borrowers as well as defaulters are from the high-income group and influentials in the society. An evaluation of the pilot project for micro financing of the National Bank of Pakistan (NBP) for the future establishment of the proposed MFC is also not very encouraging. The bank does not have any mechanism to identify the poor regions and poorest in the country to provide micro credit. There are no poverty profiles that can indicate, which regions are the poorest and which villages or localities are severely impoverished in different provinces of the country. Therefore, the loans are mainly provided on the basis of subjective criteria which increase the chances of poor targeting of the scheme. Similarly, the bank does not have the experience, culture and environment for providing microcredit to poor in the country. The procedure for credit and collateral requirements of the bank is so complicated that it not only excludes the poorest from the scheme but it also increases the chances of leakage in the scheme. In fact, during a field visit by the author in one of the pilot project areas in Sindh, it was observed that the bank borrowers are paying extra charges/commission for receiving the inputs from the bank recommended dealers. Ironically, there is neither women staff nor woman borrowers in the pilot project area of NBP, whereas one major objective of the program is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the empowerment of women through micro financing and women should be 33% among the borrowersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. Other major NGOà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s providing micro financing in the country are Agha Khan Rural Support Program (AKRSP), National Rural Support Program (NRSP), Sarhad Rural Support Program (SRSP), Orangi Pilot Project (OPP), SUNGI Development Foundations, Kashf Foundation (Kashf), Sindh Agricultural Forestry Workersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ Cooperative Organization (SAWFCO), Thardeep Rural Development Program (TRDP). Moreover some international donor agencies like OXFAM and Save the Children Fund (SCF) also provide providing microfinance through intermediary NGOà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s in different parts of the country (www.spdc.com.pk) 1.4 PROBLEM STATEMENT Studies illustrated that poverty exerts a significant impact on education, health status, savings and the real GDP. For example; the evidence on reducing vulnerability however, is somewhat clearer. The provision of micro credit has been found to strengthen crises coping mechanisms, diversify income earning sources, build assets and improve the status of women (Hashemi et al, 1996); H0 : Micro financing has not reduced the poverty. H1 : Micro financing has reduced the poverty. This hypothesis suggests that as micro financing affects poverty in a positive manner, as a result, education, health status, saving and real GDP of the household has a positive relationship with the micro financing. The existing evidence on the impact of micro credit on poverty is not clear-cut. There is a work that suggests that access to credit has the potential to significantly reduce poverty. (Khandker, 1998); On the other hand, there is also a research which argues that micro credit has minimal impact on poverty reduction, (Morduch, 1998); Being a finance student the motivation was previous research which was very broad but not specific to the chosen statement. A broader perspective was present but the absence of narrower contexts compelled me to undertake this research. The study has many aims. The main purpose was to address the problem of poverty and apply it to the national scenario. Efforts are directed to utilize and process all available data, avoid bias and error, and generate important results. 1.5 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY The specific objectives for the study are outlined as follow: 1. To assess the role and impact of micro-finance institutions on the livelihood of poor. 2. To assess factors that hinders the rural poor from participating in Micro finance Institutions 3. To draw conclusion and give some policy recommendations for the successful implementation and development of micro financing programs. Rest of the project is organized as follows. In chapter two we have provided literature review, in chapter three we have defined data and methodology, in chapter four the results have been explained and in chapter five we have concluded the project with some recommendations. CHAPTER NO.2 LITERATURE REVIEW In the past few years there is an increase in research in the area of Micro Financing. Micro finance or micro credit, by providing small loans and saving facilities to those who are excluded from commercial financial services has been promoted as a key strategy for reduction or combating poverty. Access to these facilities is seen as away of providing the client that are economically active with opportunities for self reliance through entrepreneurship, cushioning them against economic shocks, and providing a mean of social empowerment for poor women and men in their communities. Yet although microfinance programs are often driven by a moral imperative to alleviate poverty, the extent to which they are able to reach the poor with their services and likely economic and social impacts continue to be issues of debate. Binswanger and Landell-Mills (1995) states that constraints in relation to suppliers.i.e. Private Banks excludes the poor because small transactions are unprofitable. Providing financial services to the poor and women is not easy. Many borrowers are not credit worthy and dont have profitable projectors. Thus, that the need for micro financing is an undeniable fact. According to Yanor, Benjamin and Pipren (1997), the issue that should be raised in this context is the importance of the informal sector in LDCs economy and its constraint to develop by lack of credit. On top of that, Salad vine and checkering (1991) confirmed this fact by noting that, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the informal sectorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? which contributed about 35% to 65% and 20% to 40% to employment and GDP in most LDCs respectively, is constrained by lack of credit. The provision of micro credit has been found to strengthen crises coping mechanisms, diversify income earning sources, build assets and improve the status of women (Hashemi et al, 1996); Coleman (1999),in his study of a village-banking program in Thailand, advances the literature by expanding on this concept to control for self-selection biases and introduces both observable village characteristics and village fixed effects to control for program placement bias. Utilizing data on 455 households, including participating and non-participating households in treatment villages where a village bank is already offering micro credit, and selected future participants and non-participants in control villages that have been identified to receive a village bank program but have not yet actually received funds, Coleman uses a difference-in-difference approach that compares the difference between income for participants and non-participants in program villages with the same difference in the control villages, where the programs were introduced later. Zaman (1999); explored the relationship between micro credit and the reduction of poverty and vulnerability by focusing on BRAC, one of the largest micro credit providers in Bangladesh. He concluded that micro credit contributes to mitigating a number of factors that contribute to vulnerability, whereas the impact on income poverty is a function of borrowing beyond a certain loan threshold and to a certain extent contingent on how poor the household is to start with. His empirical analysis also suggested that micro credit has the greatest on female control over assets and also on her knowledge of social issues controlling for a host of other characteristics. The Need For Micro-Financing According to Khandker (1998), the alleviation of poverty requires diverse measures. The most important being those, which expand the income and employment opportunities of the poor, enabling them to enhance their living standards providing the poor with access to financial services is one of the many ways to increase their income and productivity. Micro financing programs are developed to fill this gap. The rural poor in LDCs are in desperate needs of credits, microfinance programs are supposed to make available this credit needs and keep the poor to increase their living standard. Lack of saving and capital make it difficult for many poor people who want jobs in the formal and informal sectors to become self employed and to undertake productive employment generating activities, providing credit seems to be a way to generate self-employment opportunities for the poor. In this regard, MFIs in relation to other financial intermediaries has special role and distinguishing features which are given as follows: The primary objective of MFIs is to address the credit needs of those who are willing and ready to reduce their chronic poverty by engaging in farming and small scale production and service activities (Getahun, 2001). Besides provisions of credit facilities, MFIs render managerial, marketing technical and administrative advise to borrowers by reaching borrowers at there place of work.(ibid) MFIs do not require collateral to extend credit in cash or kind to peasant farmers and small entrepreneurs. Instead peer group-leading scheme, character based loans and the promise of subsequent loans is main motivations for repayment (Marguerite, 2001). Saving requirement is introduced as a compulsory feature of lending activity and this saving requirement seems to serve as a motivator for repayment of loan since borrowers choose to repay the loan than losing the amount they saved (Getahun, 2001) 2.2 Country Experiences on Micro-financing 2.2.1 Experience of Bangladesh Why it is that micro-finance becomes a great concern for the whole world as an instrument for poverty reduction in rural areas? It seems because it has recorded success in countries where it has been implemented Abiy (2000). A brief look at this success stories is as follows. One of the most successful countries often mentioned in the development of microfinance is Bangladesh. Micro finance organizations like Grameen Bank, Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee (BRAC), Proshika (PK), Association for Social Advancement (ASA), largest 20 credit NGOs (not including Grameen Bank), and Bangladesh Rural Development Board (BRDB) are operating in the country mentioned For instance, the Grameen Bank, which was established in 1983 as a challenge to existing collateral-based financial system, has had a promising result. It operates exclusively for the poor on the promise that rural people, who won too little land, support themselves as farmers, can never the less make productive use of small loans and repays them on time. The bank also promotes social development by making the poor accountable to individually and socially. Such intermediation improves productivity and income of the poor. This, in turn, also improves their loan payment rate and hence contributes to the Grameen Bankà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s financial Viability. As the result it is the most successful credit program for poor and this may be seen from the outreach status and loan recovery so that the bankà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s loan recovery rate has consistently remained above 90 percent Pit and Khandker (1998). 2.2.2 Experience of some African Countries Formalized micro finance institutionsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ in Africa is a more recent phenomenon. The 1950s and 1960s led to a proliferation of rural leading programs that focused on the provision of subsidized credit by government development banks. After this period in 1980s, the replication of Bangladeshà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Grameen Bank began to be tested using primary donor funds to provide credit to a wide number of solidarity group members (Paxton and Fruman, 1998). For our purpose, however, we will look only two countries Kenya and Burkina Faso- the former representing relatively densely populated region and the latter is less densely populated. For example, in Kenya KREB (Kenya Rural Enterprise Bank) is a micro finance institution serving the poor in rural and urban areas of Kenya. It was established as an intermediary NGO to provide financial and technical assistance to NGOs in Kenya that are involved in developing or promoting the development of micro and small enterprises. Since 1990, KREB has successfully transformed grants from its development partners into loan capital for nearly 30,000 businessmen and women. It has been able to do so at a positive return since 1994. KREB has distributed over Kenyan shilling 300 million each year since 1995 and has never run short of new customers. The PPPCR (Le project de promotion du petit credit rural) has been particularly innovative in adopting the Grameen style of group lending to the conditions in Burkina Faso. Certainly the sahelian region represents one of the most challenging environment for micro finance due to the combinations of failed prevails efforts low population density, poverty and illiteracy. To overcome some of these obstacles, PPPCR has departed from a pure Grameen replication and has adapted its own financial services and organization. Like the Grameen Bank, PPPCR has grown quickly, but cannot be compared in member of clients. By the end of 1994, PPPCR had served 10,000 clients, and two years later it had reached about 25,000 clients. Despite all of the careful modifications of the Grameen model to the Burkina Faso context, the provision of micro finance services has proved to be quite costly in the Sahel. The reasons for these high costs are more related to the environment (low population density, poor infrastructure, poverty, illiteracy etc.) than to the methodology of group lending itself. The PPPCR has experienced greater efficiency in the past couple of years as it continues to learn from its early experience achieves economies of scale. Generally, the results in this study have shown that none of the institutions have been able to cover the cost of subsidies despite in roads towards financial viability. Most of micro finance institutions limit their ability to achieve high volumes of loan advances and savings. In sum, the most important lesson is that a wide variety of market niches exist in the field of micro finance. In a more recent study, James et al, (2001) estimated the impact of an urban credit program in Zambia on business performance and on a range of indicators of household well-being. They found that borrowers who obtained a second loan experienced significantly higher average growth in business profits and household income. The Bolivian experience indicates that all the institutions studied had, on balance, positive impacts on income and asset levels. (Mosley 2001); In Pakistanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s context, Khan (2001); estimated the economic impact of the support program on rural households. He concluded that the economic impact of the support program on rural households is substantially large and probably makes a significant difference to the households close to the poverty line. However, he qualified this conclusion by arguing à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“this conclusion holds particularly for those rural households that participate on a sustained basis over a long periodà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. However, international experience strongly suggests that microfinance projects do not reach all segments of poor. Even the minimal or no collateral requirements potentially exclude the poorest from the schemes. In Bangladesh, for example, only one forth of all microfinance clients is among the hard-core poor. The UNDP report (2000) claims that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the hard-core poor having few assets are reluctant to take on the risks of credit, and when they do, it is usually for emergencies and consumption, not for productionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. Extending financial services to the poorest requires innovations which go beyond those that have been developed so far. Morduch (1999); argued, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The promise of micro finance should be kept in context. Even in the best of circumstances, credit from micro finance programs help find self employment activities that most often supplement income for borrowers rather than drive fundamental shifts in employment patterns. It rarely generate new job for others, and success ha been especially limited in regions with highly seasonal income patterns and low population densities. The best evidence to date suggests that making a real dent on poverty rates will require increasing overall levels of economic growth and employment generations. Micro finance may be able to help some households take advantage of those processes, but nothing so far suggests that it will drive them. The experience of micro finance in Pakistan is not that different from other countries, it is generally recognized that the present micro financing framework is characterized by low coverage (an inability to reach the poor), targeting inefficiency (the poorest are left out, inadequate of support (insufficient loan sizes), a low degree of ease of lack of self financing (dependence on donors). Rodriguez-Meza (2001); studies strategic defaults in microfinance. More specifically, he evaluates the effect of different contract designs on borrower repayment behavior for both individual and joint liability contracts. Rodriguez-Mezaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s model shows that lenders willing to grant loans large enough for borrower to achieve their optimal level of investment may face sustainability problems, as borrowers may find it optimal to default under these circumstances. He finds that clients can default on their loans even when they have the ability to repay due to the absence of perfect collateral. His results have serious implication for the viability of MFOs and their role in economic development. In addition to these studies, practitioners, donors and academics concerned about the negative effects of client exit on the overall sustainability of MFOs have conducted several descriptive studies on the issue (Hasan and Shahid, 1995); Khan and Chowdary, 1995; ASA, 1996; Kashangaki, 1999; Maxima Bali, 1999; Painter and MKNelly, 1999; Simanowitz, 1999; Wright et al, 1999; Churchill, 2000; Kuwik and Mashaba, 2000; Churchill and Halpern, 2001; Schreiner, 2001;.Overall, they found that most people are pushed out of MFOs, especially in Africa, due to adverse push factors, such as client maturity and competition, also play a role in pulling clients away from MFOs, especially in Latin America and Asia, where the micro finance industry is more developed and competition is more intense. The governmentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s goal of poverty reduction is to be realized through a comprehensive approach that takes into account the interaction of economic, social and governance dimensions. The approach is outlined in the interim poverty reduction strategy paper (IPRSP).Expenditure and budgetary allocations for poverty reduction measures have been enhanced. The poverty alleviation program of the government has five elements: Small infrastructure projects, Social safety net, Food support program, Improving social indicators and Expanded access to MF and skills development services through grassroots Organization such as NGOs and village organizations. Greater private sector involvement in poverty reduction is envisaged. The social action program phase two (from January 1997 to June 2002) aims to improve access to basic social services like primary education, primary health care, population welfare services, potable water, sanitation and middle schooling. The government has also responded to growing unemployment, with a series of scheme including the mass self employment program. The incidence of poverty is to be reduced from 33% of population to be target kevel of 15.1% be end 2008. To enhance outreach of MF, the government has adopted a comprehensive approach to address issues and constraints through a conductive policy framework, appropriate supervisory and regulatory infrastructure, institutional capable of outreach to the poor and finally, investments in social intermediation and basic infrastructure. The government has plans to restructure DFIs.Emphasis will be placed on good governance, sustainability, and public private partnership, community based services delivery through NGOs, Pro-poor focus and gender concerns. This strategy complements the effort of the PPAF and other MF suppliers and provides the basic for a concerted effort to enhanced outreach in a grossly underserved market. Gender focus will be emphasized in the strategies and underlying activities in various government programs. A permanent commission on the status of women has been formally announced to protect womenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s rights. The IPRSP also recognizes the gender dimension of poverty and proposes reform of discriminatory laws and measures to coordinate policies. Within the IPRSP framework, a review and modification of economic and social policies to incorporate gender perspectives is planned. Strengthening of gender focal points in federal and provincial women development departments and identification of targets for the implementation of the National Action Plan (Ministry of Women Department) have been envisaged. On the basis of the literature reviewed, we have developed the following conceptual framework. Fig 2.1 DEVELOPMENT OF CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK Poverty Micro financing in education, health status, savings and real GDP Dependent variable Independent Variable P= f (EDU, HS, SAV, RGDP) Where, EDU = Education HS = Health Status SAV = Savings RGDP = Real Gross Domestic Product. CHAPTER NO.3 DATA METHODOLOGY This part of the report illustrates the methodology that will be used to conduct this study. The conceptual framework for the study is depicted in Fig 2.1. We want to study the dependence level of the dependent variable and its association with the independent variables. Pool regression analysis is a well recognized methodology to analyze relationships and dependence among different variables. The research instruments used in this study were ordinary least square multiple regression analysis, Granger causality test. In view of the limited time frame of the study the sample size was restricted to thirty one. This study was descriptive in nature and deals with the most important and alarming issue of Micro financing. REGRESSION ANALYSIS: In statistics, regression analysis is a collective name for techniques for the modeling and analysis of numerical data consisting of values of a dependent variable (also called response variable or measurement) and of one or more independent variables (also known as explanatory variables or predictors). The dependent variable in the regression equation is modeled as a function of the independent variables, corresponding parameters (constants), and an error term. The error term is treated as a random variable. It represents unexplained variation in the dependent variable. The parameters are estimated so as to give a best fit of the data. Most commonly the best fit is evaluated by using the least squares method, but other criteria have also been used. Regression can be used for prediction (including forecasting of time-series data), inference, and hypothesis testing, and modeling of causal relationships. These uses of regression rely heavily on the underlying assumptions being satisfied. Regression analysis has been criticized as being misused for these purposes in many cases where the appropriate assumptions cannot be verified to hold. T à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" TEST A t-test is any statistical hypothesis test in which the test statistic has a t distribution if the null hypothesis is true. It is applied when the population is assumed to be normally distributed but the sample sizes are small enough that the statistic on which inference is based is not normally distributed because it relies on an uncertain estimate of standard deviation rather than on a precisely known value. COEFFICIENT OF DETERMINATION In statistics, the coefficient of determination, R2 is used in the context of statistical models whose main purpose is the prediction of future outcomes on the basis of other related information. It is the proportion of variability in a data set that is accounted for by the statistical model. It provides a measure of how well future outcomes are likely to be predicted by the model. DURBINà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"WATSON STATISTIC The Durbinà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"Watson statistic is a test statistic used to detect the presence of autocorrelation in the residuals from a regression analysis. It is named after James Durbin and Watson. If et is the residual associated with the observation at time t, then the test statistic is Since d is approximately equal to 2(1-r), where r is the sample autocorrelation of the residuals,[1] d = 2 indicates that appears to be no autocorrelation, its value always lies between 0 and 4. If the Durbinà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"Watson statistic is substantially less than 2, there is evidence of positive serial correlation. As a rough rule of thumb, if Durbinà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"Watson is less than 1.0, there may be cause for alarm. Small values of d indicate successive error terms are, on average, close in value to one another, or positively correlated. If d 2 successive error terms are, on average, much different in value to one another, i.e., negatively correlated. In regressions, this can imply an underestimation of the level of statistical significance. TEST OF SIGNIFICANCE A statistically significant difference simply means there is statistical evidence that there is a difference; it does not mean the difference is necessarily large, important, or significant in the common meaning of the word. The significance level of a test is a traditional frequents statistical hypothesis testing concept. In simple cases, it is defined as the probabilities of making a decision to reject the null hypothesis when the null hypothesis is actually true (a decision known as a Type I error, or false positive determination). The decision is often made using the p-value: if the p-value is less than the significance level, then the null hypothesis is rejected. The smaller the p-value, the more significant the result is said to be. In more complicated, but practically important cases, the significance level of a test is a probability such that the probability of making a decision to reject the null hypothesis when the null hypothesis is actually true is no more than the stated probability. This allows for those applications where the probability of deciding to reject may be much smaller than the significance level for some sets of assumptions encompassed within the null hypothesis. The following model is generated after analyzing the theoretical framework. P= f (EDU, HS, SAV, RGDP) P= C + B1 EDU + B2 HS + B3 SAV + B RGDP Where, P = Poverty EDU = Education HS = Health Status SAV = Savings RGDP = Real Gross Domestic Product HYPOTHESIS After the analysis of the theoretical framework and the model the following hypothesis are generated. The à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“impact on povertyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? is influenced by the following variables Education Health Status Savings Real GDP Poverty = f (Micro financing in Education, Health Status, Savings, and Real GDP) Hypothesis in statistical form is narrated as H0 : ÃŽÂ ² = 0 That there is no relationship of the above mentioned variables with the poverty. HÄ ±: ÃŽÂ ² à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚   0 That there is a relationship of education, health status, savings and real GDP with micro financing. Or we can say that An appropriate financing tool for low-income people leads them to uplift their income and savings. Increase in income and savings of low-income people enable them to contribute in the development of social status and social structure. When the income of a household will increase, it will ultimately increase the expenditure on education and health. CHAPTER NO.4 RESULTS The results of the study and the vital statistical measures are shown in the tables and then the hypotheses are tested for the accuracy. Firstly, every effect obtained by using the pooled data is discussed. Finally, the hypotheses are tested on the basis of significance test. Table 4.1 Descriptive Stats    POV EDU HS SAV RGDP Mean 82.75 98.33556 153.12 604.7967 -1.05556 Median 63.8 98.34 160.07 564.5 0 Maximum 131 111.1 215.5 1206.8 23.1 Minimum 49.6 82.8 98.27 160.57 -33.84 Std. Dev. 32.22468 9.528934 44.42356 427.5875 16.52883 Observations 31 31 31 31 31 Table 4.2 presents the results of descriptive stats across the variables we have selected. The total numbers of observations undertaken during the research are 31. Table 4.2 Correlation Table    POV EDU HS SAV RGDP POV 1 0.669025351 0.409382256 0.030883716 -0.53541 EDU 0.669025351 1 0.67371188 0.607326216 -0.16211 HS 0.409382256 0.67371188 1 0.774163 0.261008 SAV 0.030883716 0.607326216 0.774163 1 0.173355 RGDP -0.535414159 -0.162110489 0.261007506 0.173354666 1 Table 4.2 presents the results of correlation across the variables we have selected. The correlation values among Poverty Savings, Poverty RGDP, Education RGDP and Health status RGDP are found to be low. Table 4.3 Causality Test Two way relationships are explained by causality. So we name this test as Pair wise Granger Causality test. Pair wise Granger Causality Tests       Null Hypothesis: F-Statistic Probability          POV does not Granger Cause EDU 1.04751 0.35302 EDU does not Granger Cause POV 0.19883 0.67431 POV does not Granger Cause HS 1.83585 0.23344 HS does not Granger Cause POV 0.72722 0.43273 POV does not Granger Cause SAV 3.60483 0.13044 SAV does not Granger Cause POV 1.11491 0.35057 POV does not Granger Cause RGDP 2.07521 0.20926 RGDP does not Granger Cause POV 0.29329 0.61137 EDU does not Granger Cause HS 0.62858 0.46382 HS does not Granger Cause EDU 0.00997 0.92433 EDU does not Granger Cause SAV 1.16036 0.34202 SAV does not Granger Cause EDU 0.57798 0.48945 EDU does not Granger Cause RGDP 2.69949 0.1613 RGDP does not Granger Cause EDU 1.87547 0.22915 HS does not Granger Cause SAV 0.39185 0.56528 SAV does not Granger Cause HS 2.63726 0.17971 HS does not Granger Cause RGDP 0.39708 0.55627 RGDP does not Granger Cause HS 1.71224 0.24761 SAV does not Granger Cause RGDP 0.00048 0.98356 RGDP does not Granger Cause SAV 0.00422 0.95133 Table 4.3 provides the test of causality. Results show that in all the cases we failed to reject the null hypothesis, i.e.; variable i doesnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t affect variable j significantly, Where i, j= Poverty, Education, Health status, Savings and RGDP, such that i à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚   j. Table 4.4 OLS Regression Dependent Variable: Poverty Method: Least Squares Variable Coefficient t-Statistic Prob.      (Slope) C 133.7116 15.83492 0.0001 EDU -0.057115 -0.373254 0.7279 HS 0.024077 0.145556 0.8913 SAV -0.141915 -0.870543 0.4331 RGDP 0.018588 3.430898 0.0265 R-squared 0.208634 Adjusted R-squared -0.384891 S.E. of regression 7.025312 Durbin-Watson stat 1.743389 Table 4.4 presents the multiple regression result for the following model. Poverty = f (Micro financing in Education, Health Status, Savings, and Real GDP) P= f (EDU, HS, SAV, RGDP) P= C + B1 EDU + B2 HS + B3 SAV + B RGDP It is found that the coefficient (slope) of education savings are with correct theoretical signs. The remaining variables are with wrong signs. The coefficient which are statistically significant are also the same i.e. education savings. The value of R ² (coefficient of determination) is found to be low, suggesting no problem of multi-co linearity. Durbin-Watson test shows that there is no problem of auto-correlation. Table 4.5 OLS Regression Log Dependent Variable: Log Poverty Method: Least Squares Variable Coefficient Std. Error t-Statistic Prob.   (Elasticity) C -151.13 41.88386 -3.608312 0.0226 LEDU 1.800471 0.526959 3.416721 0.0269 LHS 0.621705 0.136172 4.565588 0.0103 LSAV -0.065215 0.012087 -5.395264 0.0057 LRGDP -1.019242 0.228874 -4.453297 0.0112 R-squared 0.960243    Adjusted R-squared 0.920485 S.E. of regression 9.086818 Durbin-Watson stat 1.954621 Table 4.5 presents the log regression result for the following model. Poverty = f (Micro financing in Education, Health Status, Savings, and Real GDP) P= f (EDU, HS, SAV, RGDP) P= C + B1 EDU + B2 HS + B3 SAV + B RGDP It is found that the coefficient (elasticity) of savings RGDP are with correct theoretical signs. The remaining variables are with wrong signs. The coefficients which are statistically significant are education, health status, savings, and real GDP. The value of R ² (coefficient of determination) is found to be high, suggesting problem of multi-co linearity. Durbin-Watson test shows that there is no problem of auto-correlation. On the basis of results, we have concluded the whole project with some recommendations in the next chapter. Chapter no.5 CONCLUSION RECOMMENDATIONS CONCLUSION Poverty is a multifaceted phenomenon that includes, but goes beyond lack of adequate income. The overarching objective of development in many countries has been and continuous to be the eradication of all faces of poverty. Rapid as well as distributed growth in income has always been viewed as an instrument for achieving this objective. Pakistan has in the last three years initiated a bold reform program for accelerating growth as well as a focused third generation microfinance sector development program providing a conducive policy framework and support mechanisms to encourage private instruments in the sector. The framework allows everyone to contribute for poverty reduction according to their priorities and competency. The framework provides NGOs a long-term resource support for social services as well as micro credit in a transparent manner based on the quality of their outputs. The state bank of Pakistan provides for a regulatory framework allowing for the establishment of licensed MFIs, which can mobilize resources from local markets. The government has set up mechanisms for sharing social intermediation costs and risks of banking with the poor.The government will continues to play a catalytic role and it is now for the donors, private investors, civil society institutions and development organizations to take advantage of and make their contribution for poverty reduction, in a sustainable manner. A large amount of research, and practice, should be demonstrated for creating the positive effects on pro poor financial sectors development. The permanent deepening of financial markets should be build by the government in a manner that provides the access to the poor and can achieve the following outcomes: Economic growth and job creation can be stimulated, as small business development and access to housing finance generates new cycles of accumulation and effective demands. Poverty can be reduced, as productive assets in the hands of the poor enable them to build a stream of income. Access to finance, in the form of savings, credit or insurance can play a vital role in à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“smoothingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? the income of the poor, and so reducing their vulnerability to financial shocks. Financial services can also play a key role in building viable communities by contributing to the sustainable livelihood strategies of poor households. It is often argued that economic integration or globalization has played an important role in reducing poverty in developing countries though its impact on growth. More open economies, and those who have been successful in accelerating their pace of integration, have recorded the best growth performance, whereas developing countries with inward-oriented policies have suffered from poor growth rates. By stimulating higher growth, integration can have a strong positive impact on poverty reduction. The findings reveal that most of the recipients of credit are not hard-core poor. According to the Pakistan official poverty line, about 51 and 11 percent of rural and urban borrowers respectively are poor. About 69 percent of rural borrowers have ownership of land and a majority of borrowers own their houses in rural areas. For further research, it is suggested that greater attention should be on the composition and management of household economic portfolios (agriculture, livestock, trading) analysis of differences in impact should be across different socioeconomic or poverty level of borrowers, and more attention should be given to how program design, performance and context influences affect. RECOMMENDATIONS Government should focus its activities towards a few critical areas mainly poverty reduction through employment generation. Government should not only act as a facilitator and but actively engaged in developing economic and social infrastructure, particularly water, roads, schools, hospitals, training and skill development facilities. Agriculture Sector should be developed through the timely availability of critical inputs. The government should protect poor farmers from volatility in prices of agricultural procedure. Development of farms to market roads should be given the utmost priority. The government and NGOs involvement should educate the locals how to make best use of micro-credit facilities. The government should disseminate information about its poverty reduction initiatives and how the poor can benefit from the governmentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s policies and programs. School and hospital staff should be recruited from amongst local residents. The communities should be involved in the selection process. NGOs AND MFBs (Micro finance Bankà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s) should achieve substantial outreach while remaining commercially oriented and focused on achieving financial stability. Government should encourage organization like NRSPs (National rural support program), RSPs (Rural support program) to extend their outreach. Micro finance organizations should use well organized and systematic criteria in order to identify poor and non poor households. Usually, the borrowers in their programs are mainly the better off among the poor. PPAF (Pakistan poverty alleviation fund) should be strongly supported by the government so that loans can be given in an organized way to the poor and needy people. Most of the NGOs providing Micro finance are either receiving funding from the government or donor agencies. Their main source of income are these sources and, not from their own activities. So, they should try best to improve their operational effectiveness and achieve sustainability.

Lets Talk About Sex Education Essay - 1571 Words

Comprehensive sex education should be taught in public schools. The youth of today cannot make educated decisions regarding sex if they are not properly educated. Not educating America’s youth in all aspects of sex education is comparable to allowing them to drive without being taught. This choice of not allowing comprehensive sex education is schools is dangerous and can have life long consequences. These consequences will not only affect the individual but can ultimately affect America. It is vital for Americans to begin giving their youth the education that is needed. Pre-teenagers and teenagers are having sexual intercourse or participating in other sexual acts. According to the Center of Disease Control in 2009 46% of students have†¦show more content†¦Teen births and sexually transmitted infections have long-term effects and directly affect America. America’s youth needs sex education in schools. Family has always been the main educators when it comes to sex. The issue with that is that what is being taught is only for their children not to have sex. There is no discussion to cover any other aspects (Richardson, 1995). Most students are learning about sex from being in school, their friends and the media. If the youth is only hearing not to have sex from their parents and educators then the majority of what they are learning is coming from the wrong places. Media and peers of their own age cannot be accurate sources of information (Richardson, 1995). If parents are unable or unwilling to discuss sex with their children then the gap has to be filled. Comprehensive sex education allows students to cover many diverse topics involving sex. This education explains what sexually transmitted infections are, transmission and prevention. Another important factor is comprehensive sex education discusses the different types of contraceptives and the proper way to use them to increase effectiveness (Landry, 2003). Comprehensive sex education prepares the youth for peer pressure, what are inappropriateShow MoreRelatedPersuasive Essay On Abortion723 Words   |  3 PagesI’d like to discuss something that should be a totally uncontroversial topic. Unfortunately, it has become a bit controversial over time. Let’s be honest for a minute, if you think about it, over a billion couples will have sex with one another and rightfully so. My philosophy is that all these men and women should be free to decide for themselves whether they want to or not conceive a child. Whether or not they want to start a family. They have the right to make that decision for themselves. InRead MoreShould Condoms Be Given in Schools Essay745 Words   |  3 Pagesaborted in this country. Many which are born to young people with little or no education about condom use and sex. With a little education about condom use and safe sex many of these unnecessary pregnancies could be prevented. Many parents do not edu cate their children about sex; therefore the burden usually falls on the schools. Condoms should definitely be readily available in the school system, along with a Sex Education program that includes how and why to use condoms properly. Some of usRead MorePros And Cons Of Pornography731 Words   |  3 Pageshealth programs, states in the article â€Å" Let’s Talk about Sex.†, â€Å"†Sexuality is a great thing. It’s not something you should be afraid of.†Ã¢â‚¬  (Lobron, par. 21). Pornography and sexual contact is a part of daily life for many citizens over the age of sixteen and should not be punished just because people participate in watching sex acts through the internet. According to the article â€Å"Watching Porn Not a Big Deal, Study Suggests.†, â€Å"Watching porn promotes casual sex and infidelity, and curbs relationshipRead MoreDana-Hall Case Study Essay1035 Words   |  5 PagesDana-Hall, is a well known and respected all-girl boarding and day school (6-12 grade) competing in a time period in which social attitudes towards single sex education is shrinking. Measures of demographics and social trends indicate a clear shift towards a co-educational school env ironment. This new reality, where demand is decreasing faster than supply, results in declining numbers of potential female applicants over which the last four all-girl boarding and day schools are aggressively competingRead MoreSex Education in Schools657 Words   |  3 PagesSex Education in Schools Nineteen-fifty five marked the debut of sex education programs in schools in the United States. Along the years, many have argued whether or not sex education should be taught in schools. Many believe that the education of sex encourages students to engage in sexual activities which lead to a higher number of pregnancies and sexual transmitted diseases (STD’s).The U.S. is the leading country in teen pregnancies and STD’s As the number of unplanned pregnancies and sexuallyRead MoreAll Schools Should Teach Sex Education Programs962 Words   |  4 PagesAll Schools Should Teach Sex Education Programs Young children have curious minds to many things, and even though they are told â€Å"no† or to â€Å"stay away†, they tend to act on that curiosity. This also applies to sex. Kids see it on the television, hear it in music, see it on the Internet and start asking about it. Some parents believe that teaching a Sex Education program should just consist of abstinence and nothing more, due to the belief that exposing young children to sexual activity would encourageRead MoreSex Education : Encyclopedia Of Gender And Society946 Words   |  4 PagesConnell, Erin. Sex Education. Encyclopedia of Gender and Society. Ed. Jodi O Brien. Vol. 2. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, 2009. 745-748. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 30 Sept. 2015. This article has a really good explanation and a history behind. Sex education began during the 19th and early 20th centuries. This type of education debate or reveals a range of attitudes, values and also belief about the children, adolescent, sexuality, and gender. During WWI soldiers were infectedRead MoreEssay on Teenage Pregnancy and Prevention1320 Words   |  6 PagesTherefore, implementing an in depth sex education class covering parenting in schools will allow teens to fully understand he consequences of having protected or unprotected sex. All children deserve love and care from their parents. The United States has a higher rate of teen pregnancy than other countries because one is not open to talk about sex with a child once puberty emerges. The Telegraph (2007) reads that the Dutch is more open with children about sex, however, some of the approaches thatRead MoreLet s Talk About Sex1410 Words   |  6 Pages2017 Let’s Talk About Sex Living in a world where sexual imagery is produced rapidly throughout the media makes controlling what children are exposed to difficult. Rather than trying to control what a child is exposed to, it is important to know what children learn, especially when it comes to sexual health and sexuality. Many teenagers who are sexually active are not provided with educational resources informing them of the risks and consequences that come with having sex and unprotected sex becauseRead MoreSex Education Is A Process Of Building A Strong Foundation For Sexual Health1166 Words   |  5 PagesSex Education According to Rhiannon Lucy, â€Å"Sex education is a process that begins at birth and continues until the day you die. It is a process of building a strong foundation for sexual health†. There are many misconceptions and non-factual opinions that accompany along the topic of sexual education, even though it may constantly discussed. Sex may includes sexual development, reproduction, intimacy, gender roles and relationships. At home parents may be nervous when discussing this particular topic

Business Ethics Obligations and Sustainability

Question: Discuss about the Business Ethics Obligations and Sustainability. Answer: Introduction: The London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR) scandal has raised several crucial questions regarding the ethical obligations of the financial institutions. In this context, the major three ethical issues that have been identified are lack of honesty, illegal business operations as well as fiduciary issues. Lack of honesty: The LIBOR scandal critically identified that Barclay did not maintain their integrity towards their business approach. They were responsible for maintaining the financial well being of customers and helping them to make rational decision. In this context, they were obliged to disclose proper interest rate so that the customers can evaluate the financial condition while making their decision regarding the transaction activities. However, as the present scenario revealed, Barclay manipulated the interest rate in order to manage the customer investment aiming to attain personal wealth (Alessi and Sergie 2012). Therefore, it is evidently observed that the organization did not stand firm in their ethical obligation with respect to maintaining the honesty as well as integration. Moreover, as there have been a number of banks were related with the scam, it can be questioned whether entire financial system is as corrupted as Barclay. Illegal business operations: The legislative departments as well as various regulatory divisions have formed the guidance that stated that any financial institution could not directly influence any financial data. As this faulty enclosure will directly affect the customers along with overall economy of the country, the manipulation is one of the most severe illegal activities. Therefore, it can be easily observed that Barclay directly disregarded the legal obligations with respect to maintain the financial transparency regarding the transaction (Car 2016). In this context, it has been also identified that the legislative department has been unable to monitor the financial activities in a crucial manner and thus failed to maintain the financial security of the generic population. Fiduciary Issues: In the fiduciary aspect, Barclay was accountable for maintaining the trust and confidence by disclosing exact interest rate. This particular activity would have maintained their transparency as well as reliability with respect to fulfilling their business commitment. However, Barclay failed to maintain their proper stand and manipulated the interest rate data in the sole aim of acquisition of personal wealth (McConnell 2013). This scenario raises the questions that whether the financial institutions of London are capable of entrusting. Impact of the traders ability on the interest benchmark: The impact of the traders ability on the interest benchmark created a several conflict of interest with regards to the LIBOR scandal. The most crucial conflict of interest are described below: Structural conflict of interest: The financial institutions, which have participated in the LIBOR scandal, were noted to be most active derivative traders. They were renowned for accounting 80% of overall outstanding interest rate as well as 70% of basic interest rate across the world. In other words, the manipulative financial institutions were most involved in the LIBOR trading derivatives. Although this does not raise any conflict of interest, it will definitely discourage others to be involved in LIBOR derivative trading (Hou and Skeie 2014). It has been also disclosed by the incident that despite of oversight process of FXMM Committee of BBA LIBOR Ltd, the contributing financial corporations were self-supervising them. Therefore, it is evident that this less transparency in monitoring system as well as conflict of interest was has been represented by traders ability to influence the interest benchmark. Banks conflict of interest: As identified by the disclosure of LIBOR scandal, that most of contributors of LIBOR process were involved in the trading derivatives of LIBOR. This will evidently raise the possibility of influencing the submission of rate in the absence of corroborating transactions. There are a number of conflicts of interest, which are crucial for the business operation of numerous International Bank (Ashton and Christophers 2015). Although the organizations undertake the policy to separate the conflicting employees from the traders, in the current situation the traders became involved with the submitters, as they were required to be expert. It has been often observed that the traders partook in submitting process actively. Individuals conflict of interest: It is evident from the disclosure of the LIBOR scandal that any individual could benefit with the knowledge of future submission. The major reason for this speculation is lack of corroborating submission process as well as subjective LIBOR submission. It has been also revealed that although the rate cannot be manipulated in a precise manner, it definitely can be prodded towards a direction (Chorafas 2015). As any small change in LIBOR, submission rate has the ability to produce a huge amount of profit. Therefore, the traders were encouraged to manipulate the submission rate for their personal gain. This particular scenario created a major conflict of interest. Examination of the possible intent and behavior of traders: In the current context, it has been identified that traders of Barclays as well as other fifteen financial institutions has been contributed in manipulation of LIBOR submission rate. It has been observed that LIBOR is invested in settling contracts on the derivatives of money market. The 18 banks will be asked in daily fashion that in which rate they will be able to purchase fund by the British Bankers Association. The entire data collection process regarding the LIBOR submission is conducted through Thomson Reuters data collection service. From there, this particular service ignores the four-submission rate from top and bottom data range (Huan et al. 2015). After that, the average of entire data range defines the official LIBOR rate. Now the traders took bet on the movement of interest rate in certain period of time. This way Barclay achieved a great deal of profit from the manipulation of the interest rate. The evaluated investigation of the contributing parties of LIBOR fraud has identified couple of major reason for manipulating the LIBOR submission rate. It has been disclosed that majority of the traders has been found to enquire about state of the rates in order to attain personal gain. Due to this particular reason, LIBOR rate has been influenced in a significant fashion (Kuo et al. 2012). In addition to that, it has been also stated that after financial crisis Barclay single mindedly focused on the manipulation of LIBOR rate in order to maintain their market position in the banking industry. As the lower rate of interest will attract a higher amount of investment, Barclay was inclined to influence the LIBOR submission rate in a downward fashion. In order to do that, Barclay filled artificial lower rate so that they can disguise their financial stress from the customers. Application of several theories to the LIBOR scandal: LIBOR scandal has been immensely successful to point out the rotten state of financial institutions. The current case can be evaluated by several ethical theories in order to identify the major conflict. These applications of these theories regarding LIBOR case are described below. Utilitarianism: This particular theory states that a financial institution must focus on the happiness of the customers regarding all ends of any transaction. In this case, the people that invest, transfer as well as deposit a portion of the fund in any bank in England are considered as the consumers. As the case study indicates that, the modified rate of interest had directly affected those people. In addition to that, the Stock Exchange as well as other associated trading system would be distressed by this manipulation of interest rate (Kohn 2013). As the economical principles state, the people will be inclined to be invest their money while the rate is lower and vice-versa. It has been identified by the investigation that Barclay focused on their profit rather than financial wellbeing of the consumers. Deontology: The deontology states that the company must stay honest to their responsibility taking rational along with legal decisions. In this aspect, the companies are also responsible for helping the consumers to take proper, rational and informed decision. In addition to that, the corporation is also bound to maintain the fulfillment of individual requirements, diversity, autonomy as well as respect. In this case, Barclay did not maintain their duty by acting rationally and with good will to help the customers to take proper decision (Youle 2014). The outrageous rate of interest disclosed by Barclay inevitably thwarted consumers ability to make rational decision. In addition to that, Barclay also failed to maintain their legal obligation to maintain a transparent and honest practice. Virtue Ethics: The virtue ethics work on a string of morals as well as values, which guide the organizations to act ethically. These values are justice, honesty, courage as well as temperance. Although, Barclay displayed the courage attributes it was not done with good purpose (Coulter and Shapiro 2015). Moreover, Barclay also interfered with the justice value by disputing the legal considerations with respect to the financial transactions. Furthermore, Barclay did not act with self-control as well as integrity in order to gain personal wealth. Therefore, it can be concluded that Libor system did not act as per the virtue theory, which makes it unethical. Accountability of the banks: The proper investigation of the LIBOR scandal has successfully indicated that Barclay is one of the major culprits of the manipulation of interest rate. Although, Barclays had primarily attempted to shun the scandal as the desolate activities of traders, it has been proven that the organization had an active participation in the LIBOR submission rate manipulation (Braml 2016). Although, if traders individually manipulated the LIBOR rate without the influence of Barclay, the company would have been accounted as responsible as they are the employees of that organization. In this context, the organization bore full responsibility being the sole supervisor of those traders. It has been identified that Barclay has shadowed the LIBOR rate before the financial crisis. After the collapse of the Lehman Brothers, it has been a great deal for Barclay to maintain their market position. It is also observed that with the rise of anxiety regarding the strength of Barclay, the interest rate of Barclay became quite higher than the LIBOR rate (Abrantes-Metz and Sokol 2012). The major reason for this higher rate of Barclay was lack of reliability on the organization. In this context, in order to survive in this most competitive market the management of Barclay directly commanded the employees to lower their submission rate so that the LIBOR rate can be influenced. The relatively lower rate successfully impressed the investors, which helped the organization to survive in the market. The process for regaining trust by the financial institutions: In order to regain the trust of the consumers Barclay need to initiate several crucial steps, which will be influential to indicate their transparency and good intention in the following days. In this context, the most significant step for Barclay will be performing major public relations campaign. The public relation campaign has to be focused on attracting new business by developing goodwill with clients and increasing trust and confidence (Williams and Conley 2015). They need to enforce the statement among the consumer perception that they are most profitable bank for investing, transferring as well as depositing the consumers money. The organization also need to exhibits that they would not conduct any unethical activities in future. In order to that, the company has to new set of executives as well as management, which will indicate that they are inclined to start their business approach afresh. In addition to that, the organization needs to elevate their brand image by emphasizing on the corporate social responsibility. The best way to uplift their image is partaking in several charity events in a regular fashion. They can also express their good intentions by executing several goodwill projects that will solely focus on consumers happiness (Chorafas 2015). It will indicate that the organization is ready to ensure the consumers happiness disregarding the cost. In general, Barclay needs to depict the image that they would make them an impressive company in the near future. Reference List: Abrantes-Metz, R.M. and Sokol, D.D., 2012. The lessons from libor for detection and deterrence of cartel wrongdoing.Harvard Business Law Review Online,3, pp.10-16. Alessi, C. and Sergie, M.A., 2012. Understanding the Libor scandal.Council on Foreign Relations. Ashton, P. and Christophers, B., 2015. On arbitration, arbitrage and arbitrariness in financial markets and their governance: Unpacking LIBOR and the LIBOR scandal.Economy and Society,44(2), pp.188-217. Braml, H., 2016. The manipulation of LIBOR and related interest rates.Studies in Economics and Finance,33(1), pp.106-125. Car, R., 2016. The Libor Case: A Focus on Barclays. InManaging Reputation in The Banking Industry(pp. 59-78). Springer International Publishing. Chorafas, D.N., 2015. Libor Scandal, Derivatives, Gold Deceits, and the ETFs. InBusiness Efficiency and Ethics(pp. 141-162). Palgrave Macmillan US. Coulter, B. and Shapiro, J.D., 2015. A mechanism for Libor.Available at SSRN 2256952. Hou, D. and Skeie, D.R., 2014. LIBOR: origins, economics, crisis, scandal, and reform.FRB of New York Staff Report, (667). Huan, X., Parbonetti, A. and Previts, G., 2015. Understanding the Libor Scandal: The Historical, the Ethical, and the Technological.Available at SSRN. Kohn, A., 2013. LIBOR: The Clearinghouse and Exchange Based Solution.Fordham J. Corp. Fin. L.,19, p.455. Kuo, D., Skeie, D. and Vickery, J., 2012. A comparison of Libor to other measures of bank borrowing costs.Federal Reserve Bank of New York, Working Paper. McConnell, P., 2013. Systemic operational risk: the LIBOR manipulation scandal.The Journal of Operational Risk,8(3), p.59. Williams, C.A. and Conley, J.M., 2015. The Social Reform of Banking. InResponsible Investment Banking(pp. 235-250). Springer International Publishing. Youle, T., 2014.How much did manipulation distort the Libor?. Working paper.

Zappos Case free essay sample

Discussion Questions: 1. What is the business of Zappos and what are its critical success factors (CSF’s)? [lists] Business: The business of Zappos is to sell shoes online, and provide relative customer service. Critical Success Factors: -The spirit of adventure -Best customer service -Use of Information and Technology -Unique way to keep the workers -The spread of the business culture 2. Please complete the following table. Identify the key information systems and the related IT infrastructure investments that enable Zappos’ core business processes: Core Business Process Information Systems IT Infrastructure supplier management [an example response is attached; feel free to add to, modify or delete this example and create your own response] customer orders processing system customer returns processing system procurement system online, eCommerce Platform online, eCommerce Platform supplier extranet sales/order processing Customer orders processing system Online, eCommerce Platform order fulfillment and distribution Procurement system Customer orders Processing system Tracking system Procurement system Online, eCommerce Platform Online supply chain management logistics and warehousing Procurement system Supplier extranet customer servicing Customer orders processing system Customer returns processing system Online, eCommerce platform Online, eCommerce platform human resources management Management system Online financial management Accounting and Financing system Online 3. In what ways does the design of Zappos’ Web site and related services support its business objectives? [list] Zappos embraced Twitter as a valuable tool for building company culture. Meanwhile, Twitter is used to create a more interactive customer community. Zappos also used blogs to interact with customers. Those websites are divided by several parts for visiting the websites in a very easy way. 4. Why did it make sense for Amazon to acquire Zappos? What expertise in terms of information management and the use of IT did Amazon bring to the game that might improve Zappos’ eCommerce competitiveness? [lists] Zappos has earned more revenue year by year, which means it has a lot of growth potential. Zappos built a very positive business culture, which is really successful for its business. Zappos is owning a very strong working team Amazon has a mature management information system, which could help Zappos to contribute the whole business Amazon has a strong contribution on investing the warehouse or the storage, which could give Zappos a more competitive ability in the market.